Matrice Swot of Coca Cola

Internal| * Strenghts1/ partner with big companies (Mac Donalds)2/ Excellent strategy3/ Diversified production lines4/ Unique taste5/ World’s leading brand | * Weaknesses1/ Product not healthy2/ The target group of the CC company are mainly younger people. / Taste differentiation4/ Sluggish performance in North America5/ lack of popularity of many Coca Cola’s brands| External| * Opportunities1/ advertise it’s less popular products2/ Acquisitions3/ buy out competition4/ It can to provide food in the future5/Growing Hispanic| * Threats1/ New drink competitor have appeared gradually2/ Intense competition (ex: Pepsi)3/ legal issues4/Dependence on bottling partners5/ The economy nowadays is depressing actually, and the poor economy may affect the consumers to purchase good| Strenghts| Weaknesses| Oppor-tunities| S5/O5. Knowing that Coca-Cola is a brand leader in his market; it will be easy to continue to have a growing market in South America. S1, S2, S3, S4, S5/O2, O 3, O4. It may also invest in the creation of food and continue to buy the competition and gain new market. All of this because coca-cola has a unique taste, it is followed by contacts (like MacDonald), his strategy is great and it has a diversified production lines. | W1/O3. Like everybody knows, Coke is not really good for your health.However everyone knows that Coca-cola was originally sold in pharmacies for stomach ache. Maybe that Coca-Cola could buy the competition, which is not tarnished by this reputation. W2/O4, O5. Even if they are young people who are targeted by coca cola, by exploiting new markets and new products, coca-cola can expand his target, as if they provide food. W4/O5. I think that these tests have to be performed in a country growing for coca-cola (ex: Hispanic) before embarking on a stagnant market (North America)| Threats| T1, T2/S5, S3 .Although recently many competitors appear. Coca cola is the worldwide leader and can buy them, crash them, or ignore them. This is not the case of Pepsi who is already too big, and then why not plays on the diversification of the products of coca-cola (many different products) which is not the case of Pepsi. T3, T4/S2. As regards the jurisdiction, they could still and always try to improve them strategy, which is already excellent, it is the same thing for such bottling partners. T5/S2.As for the world economy, it is less important, being the world leader and with an excellent strategy, I can continue to win customers. | T1, T2/W5. To bring down the new competitors on the market, coca cola have to show all the drinks he offers, as many are ignored and coca-cola has the budget for put these drinks forward. This will permit at coca-cola to be apart from other major competitors such as Pepsi etc †¦ T3/W3. Legal problems are present, knowing that coca is not developed in regard to health.For this strategy (already good) coca must to be improved, and do not forget that a wide range of product is alread y present in coca-cola by passing of coca zero until coca light. T4/S5. In terms of bottling partners, this must be a part of the strategy of coca-cola who is world leader and who has the capabilities to invest in bottling, the question is: it is worth the trouble it? T5/W5. About the economic crisis, I think Coca-cola is a global leader, so he has just to try to conquer new markets such as South America and to develop his others annexes brands who miss of popularity|

GCSE Geography Coursework Castleton

Castleton is a small village located in the Derbyshire Peak District. Castleton is famous for its beautiful scenery in which many people come to hike, Cycle, and Climb. Castleton has a wide variety of Attractions which all the family can involve including Peveril Castle; Castleton's many Caverns which range from Limestone gouges to Underground Rivers. Castleton also has exquisite surroundings including the 517 foot mountain Mam Tor. We visited Castleton to prove whether three hypotheses are right or wrong. These Hypotheses were: 1. Is Castleton a ‘Honeypot site'? 2. Does Castleton Suffer problems caused by Tourism? 3. How can the problems caused by tourists in Castleton be solved or reduced? I aim to answer these three hypotheses in this piece of coursework. A national park is a reserve of land, usually declared and owned by a national government, protected from most human development and pollution. There are almost 7000 national parks in the world. The largest being Northeast Greenland National park with an area of 375,000 square miles. A honey pot Site is a popular Visitor attraction which attracts tourists in large numbers. It is called a Honey pot site due the simile of bees buzzing round a hive, in connection to tourists being attracted to an site or attraction.. Honey pot sites include The great pyramid of Giza and the Grand Canyon in the United States. Honey pot sites can be amazing to look at, this is why they attract so many people although there could be setbacks for the area; setbacks include overcrowding, litter, a strain on facilities and public transport. Also there are problems such as footpath erosion. Castleton is situated in the Heart of England, being only 18 miles from Sheffield and 25 miles from Manchester. It is easily accessible from all over the UK as it is only 40 minutes from the M1 and M6. This leads to high levels of People visiting the area; this could also be the reason that people give it the title of a â€Å"honeypot Site.† Attractions Peveril Castle Peveril Castle was found soon after 1066 by William Peveril who was one of William the conquerors most trusted Knights. The Castle played an important Part in Protecting Peak Forest. The castle used to be called Peak Castle. Displays in Castleton Visitor Centre tell the story of Peveril as the focal point of Peak Forest, which in his time was a royal hunting preserve. Speedwell Cavern Set High above the village of castleton, Speedwell Cavern takes you on a incredible underground journey which sometimes lasts up to an hour. The entrance is an almost Hidden cave which leads down to an underground canal which you then start your boat trip through the 200 year old mine. A wide selection of Gifts and mementos are available to buy to remember the amazing boat trip, including Jewellery made from the Blue John stone. Peak Cavern Set in the middle of Castleton, A Unique ‘World' Which consists of Rock Formations and eerie Sounds. Tours Last up to an Hour with a riverside walk, A limestone gorge, 280ft vertical cliffs and a traditional rope making demonstrations that can be enjoyed by people of all ages.

Divisions in society: A choice Essay

The society that we move around has reinforced the divisions that are visible almost in every facet of our everyday lives. But is the diversity that we find in our society the true culprits that tend to divide our society? Are they to blame for the seeming divisiveness running rampant today? Can we truly say that we are a divided society? Looking around us, the reasons for this divisiveness that is present in our society is already visble without the usual investigation needed. From our clothes to the way we choose what to eat and how we speak, people tend to divide society into small compartments that will relieve them of the fears they have over other members of society. People have this tendency to seek comfort in what they are familiar with rather than broadening their horizons, so to speak. In this context, what truly divides society can be summarized into one word-FEAR. The apprehension of treading new ground and appreciating new beliefs and cultures seem to have laid a very strong foundation that nurtures this fear, and in good quantities, too. Television and advertisements have driven a wedge of sorts that inculacte a certain trend or doctrine, of you will allow the term, to classify the â€Å"have’s† and the â€Å"have not’s† in our society. Our viewpoints on certain matters do also differentiate us from one another, but that sholud not be the grounds that truly distinguish us from each other. What is truly essential is the respect we accord each one with beliefs, not whether we agree with them or not. Joining like minded groups of individuals can insulate one from other non-agreeable influences that we want to shutter out from our dalit lives. But does that answer the fear we have of others? This practice will not allow one to fully overcome this dread of others, in fact it might just trigger the opposite, of continually fearing what we don’t understand. Conclusion The divisions that have been wedged into our society have been for the most part one of choice, not of circumstance. It is one that must be taken out also by choice. People must strive to be more accepting of what others have chosen to be, or what they are. By what they are it is inferre that rather than throwing a blanket of faer on any one person, it would be better to discover the person behind it. Thus, a new appreciation of new cultures (or sub-cultures) would make for a more free-flowing, truly democratic society, each free to express

Hitler's Death Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hitler's Death - Term Paper Example Speculations, arguments, doubts and questions arose regarding the validity of the death of the most famous dictator to date, Adolf Hitler. Different analysis were conducted and different results were obtained from these studies the issue still had been going on for a while until the skull fragment was displayed in Moscow a little over a decade ago. Although it may seem still a little vague to some today, it is no longer a question whether Hitler is dead or alive but just the truth behind his death. Considering his recorded condition before the 30th of April in 1945, he would unlikely survive a decade after that. So whether he escaped from the ruins of Berlin or not, he is, for the lack of better term, ‘dead’, by now. Some historians doubted Hitler’s death and suggested that the Nazis orchestrated propaganda to make the Fuehrer a hero. The US also doubted the dictator’s death and speculated the he may have escaped from Berlin in 1945 and did not take his own life. These doubts were caused by the unclear showcasing of facts and mismatching data in the past. These speculation and arguments just settled when the skull fragment with a hole caused by a gunshot was put on display in Moscow in 2000.

A proposal for security camera installation at Marbrisa Apartment Essay

A proposal for security camera installation at Marbrisa Apartment - Essay Example But the privacy of the tenants should in no way be harmed by these cameras. I ask you to regard the included proposal and give it a serious consideration as it is a basic step to give Marbarisa Apartments a safe and secure environment and it is necessary to maintain its prestigious status and collectively build the apartment and its surrounding area’s reputation. Marbarisa Apartments provides a unique neighborhood and district as well as comfortable dwelling homes. On-site management staff tries to provide the comfort and security that was assured when the tenants rented the apartment. However, Burglaries, robberies, vandalism and outdoor damages are gravely prevailing in the apartment and its surroundings’ what is more confusing is, these increases are not observed in the nearby areas or other apartments. Criminals attack unexpectedly and our police department should have proper equipments to help reduce these incidences. Thus, the residents of the Marbarisa Apartment are proposing to install closed circuit television or surveillance cameras for security reasons. These cameras should be strategically placed specially in the areas affected by higher crime rates. There are numerous benefits of the camera surveillance. This will make the residents and the police more confident about the security situation of the apartment, Apartments which have adopted this particular measure, present substantial decrease in crime rate. It is imperative for the management of the apartment to provide the safety and security that is assured while renting the apartments as it is continuously damaging the reputation. The whole area covered by the building is very large and there are numerous advantages for the criminals and vandals to break in any time of the day. No matter how many security measures taken by the local police of the area such as emergency text messages, call box, safety awareness and safety precautions guide, the crime rate is still prevailing compare to

Reflection on a critical incident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflection on a critical incident - Essay Example This reflective practice is associated with learning from experience, and is associated with the improvement of the quality of care, stimulating personal and professional growth and closing the gap between theory and practice. To facilitate me with my reflection, I have chosen GIBBS model 1988. This is a clear-cut approach wherein one can easily put into words the clinical experience that has been learned. It starts with the description of the incident, followed by the feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan. Discussion includes the importance of proper administration of medication and how it has touched me in order to grow personally and professionally. The first stage of Gibbs 1998 model of reflection is the description of events. It was one of those busy days of the hospital. I could not forget my first day of 11pm to 7am duty at the pediatric ward of that public hospital we were affiliated to. My classmates and I were asked by the chief nurse to observe a staff on how to administer medications to the patients. I was very excited about the task that I did not even want to miss a single minute. When it was time for us to proceed to the children’s rooms, I whispered a little prayer and grabbed my small notebook in case the nurse would do some lectures as the procedures were done. We were five in our group and most of us were tired because of the previous lectures we had during the day, but still managed to stay focused on the task. Nurse X went on with the administration of the medications. Then we reached the last patient of the ward, which was Patient X’s room. I was very eager to know the rationale of giving antibiotics to Patient X who was just one-month old at that time. He had staphylococcal infection on the right forearm which was full of pus. Due to mere curiosity, I asked Nurse X what antibiotic in particular she just introduced at the intravenous line of Patient X. She glanced at me with surprise, not expecting my

Learning Mentoring Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Learning Mentoring - Assignment Example In as much as adults benefit from the support and guidance of peers, friends, and supervisors, children too benefit greatly from having another person around to guide them in as they face their issues and difficulties. Children value the guidance of an adult because they look up to adults as their role models. Most of the time, children follow the footsteps of adults as they grow up. Therefore, it is vital for children to have an adult around that will guide them in their journey towards growth and development. Most people can easily identify one person who has had great influence on how they have lived their lives. The relationship that they form with this particular individual contributed greatly to how the manage their affairs. Some may find such a person in his workplace while there are those who may find such a person in school. However, in both cases, this influential person is considered a mentor. Moreover, the relationship that has been formed between the two parties may be considered as mentoring. Basically, all the scenarios described above are examples of the mentoring process. Mentoring is defined as: ..A partnership between two people built upon trust. It is a process in which the mentor offers ongoing support and developmental opportunities to the mentee. Addressing issues and blockages identified by the mentee, the mentor offers guidance, counselling and support in the form of pragmatic and objective assistance. Both share a common purpose of developing a strong two-way learning relationship (Clutterbuck, 2001). Mentoring, as shown above, can be used in several ways. Some employees have mentors that help them uplift their professional careers. Some people with problems have mentors that help them overcome their issues. Also, there is a specific type of mentoring that applies in the realm of education and learning. This is called learning mentoring. In this paper, the process of learning mentoring as well as mentoring in general will be critically analyzed. More importantly, a particular mentoring programme will be assessed and analyzed. This will be done in order to determine whether mentoring was suitable to the given situation. Also, the discussion od the said mentoring programme will help explain how the mentoring process works and how beneficial it is in a given situation. As the mentoring process is discussed, the author's experience in the menotring programme will be used to supplement the discussion. Background of the Study Learning mentoring was used to help a key stage two child (mentee). The said child has specific education needs (SEN). Particularly, she has the learning disability known as dyslexia. Also, it must be noted that the said child is the niece of the author (mentor). Dyslexia is one of the most common causes of learning difficulties. It is estimated to affect approximately 10% of the population. Unfortunately pupils struggling with disabilities such as dyslexia are labelled negatively, and teachers may not recognise it resulting in low self-esteem. The mentoring programme was undertaken over an eight-month period. The mentor and the mentee met at the former's home. This was to ensure that an environment free from distraction, away from other adult/child interaction, and motivating was given to the mentee. There was no particular schedule followed for the programme since the mentee was often at the mentor's house due to their family

The Exploitative Nature of Beauty Pageants Essay

The Exploitative Nature of Beauty Pageants - Essay Example The author researched the subject and acquired statistics demonstrating the malevolent influence of beauty pageants on young vulnerable girls as well as mature women. He was also able to locate and speak with a number of former beauty queens who were quite frank in giving the details of how their lives had been affected by their participation in the beauty pageants. The author’s friends were somewhat skeptical about his choice of topic because they are all models. Moreover, all the information he got about what life really is like for a beauty queen convinced him that the benefits of the title ‘beauty queen’ are far outweighed by the drawbacks caused by it. The researcher’s aim was to inform the audience, which consisted of young women and men in their twenties and thirties about the many emerging beauty queen competitions in the area and convince them that these pageants were destructive and would ruin the self-esteem of any woman or girl that agreed to pa rticipate in them. The author had done a lot of research and documented his discussions with former beauty queens who gave him permission to use their stories. The author was able to use such information in his speech with astounding success. He also mentioned the dates on which he had conducted the interviews so as to demonstrate how recent the issue is. Usually, the researcher is quite nervous before delivering a speech. However, this time he was pleasantly surprised to find that he was excited and could not wait to deliver his speech; particularly when the author saw the gathering audience. Corporate workers and a large group of models sat at the front while the youth occupied large spaces in the back. The researcher’s model friends and he had sat up arguing about the reasons why beauty contents are destructive, and he was still charged for that experience. The author launched into his speech with gusto, though he tried to avoid speaking too fast in order to cover all the points in his speech. The author asked a few models he recognized in the audience about what they did o a daily basis to maintain their low weight. This sparked immediate discussions among the audience members; with some shouting answers and others murmuring about anorexia. From the stance adopted by nearly all the members of the audience, the author could tell that his subject was very interesting.

Changes in Family and Personal Finances in the Last Generations Essay

Changes in Family and Personal Finances in the Last Generations - Essay Example Political factors such as the Cold War and political tensions globally also affected their productivity and participation in economic activities, which in turn affected their financial status. These people benefited from the social and political stability witnessed from 1970-2000. Personal and family finances of people of generation Y have changed because of changes in government policies, information technology and globalization. Most generation X families relied on one paycheck. This means that only one spouse engaged in economic activities. Though these families relied on one paycheck, they spent 54 percent of their income. Spending was mainly concentrated on fixed expenses such as insurance, mortgage, food and loans. Conversely, most generation Y families have both families working. These families spend 75 percent of their earning on fixed expenses (Warren and Tyagi 20). The spending trends of generation X and generation Y are important because they show that generation Y is more financially vulnerable than their counterparts of generation X. In case of uncertainties such as illnesses and job loss, people of generation X could easily cut back on their spending. These families used 54 percent of their income on fixed expenses and 46 percent on discretionary spending such as fashion and vacation. They could easily cut back on these spending in order to ensure that they overcome the uncertainty. A generation ago, families could address setbacks such as illnesses and job loss by cutting back on their spending. 54 percent of the income of these families was used on fixed expenses.

Narrative paper about Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Narrative paper about - Essay Example I could not wait for the heady rush of adrenalin, the wind whistling past my face, deafening me a little and making my eyes tear up, and the sheer energy that a pair of screeching wheels can bring. Most grown men love speed, but youngsters can be addicted to it. Mopeds were glamorous at the time, and in my mind's eyes I met a hundred admiring glances. In those times, renting a bike was a breeze, you did not need a license, proof of age, paperwork or insurance. If you could put money on the table, the bike could be yours for the day. I took myself to the nearest rental, and was immediately able to get my hands on what I thought a handsome blue mount. It was not able to exceed 40 miles an hour, but that did not deter me from pushing it to its limit. I was lost in my hour of glory, speeding along without a care in the world and a tune on my lips. As it happened, I should have been paying more attention. Because all of a sudden there appeared a small boy from nowhere and dashed across the road. Everything around me stopped for that moment, and went into an excruciatingly slow motion. I knew I was going to hit the kid before I actually did, but there was nothing I could do to stop it. My hands were paralyzed in the shock of the moment and did not make it to the hand brake on time.

Listening Journals 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Listening Journals 4 - Essay Example Chapter 10 Further focus is given the role that the minority groups in America played in developing America in this chapter, which is named â€Å"Pacific Crossings: From Japan to the Land of "Money Trees"† the writer sees Japan as a model to exemplify the role played by the Japanese in the Pacific crossing. At some point, the author was critical of the Japanese people and labeled their action as being ill-planned because their migration had actually constituted a movement from a more blissful and independent place to one that was not that much promising for them. Page 341-350 In the opinion of the writer, the World War II was not something that the Americans were prepared for. However, as a means of stamping their ever growing global dominance down, they needed to partake. This generally brought a dilemma on them as a people, of which there was the need for them to solve. It is for this reason the topic â€Å"World War II: American Dilemmas† is selected for this compone nt of the book. Various ways in which America played the racial card to ensure that the African American and Japanese America population were put before the war was discussed. Page 359-361 The early parts of this chapter compares the Chinese to the Japanese in what the writer refers to as silence move to distort the Japanese propaganda. This is because for all that while, there had been a perception that the Americans had put the Japanese in a corner where self freedom used to promote personal development was not possible. But given the fact that most Chinese Americans had overcome this labeling was a means of touting that propaganda. The theme of â€Å"Chinese Americans: To "Silence the Distorted Japanese Propaganda"† selected by the writer can therefore be said to have fitted the title much perfectly. Page 380-382 When America undertook the Hiroshima bombings during the final stages of the World War II in 1945, they tried to justify their actions. But in the perspective of the writer, this was just another move of Holocaust that was experienced in Germany by the Nazi government and other parts of Europe. It is not surprising therefore that the title for this section of the 14th chapter was â€Å"A Holocaust Called Hiroshima†. This is because the writer sees the move as a calculated attempt to suppress the Japanese as a people, rather than other explanations that were given. Page 402-404 As part of the broader chapter title which bordered on Clamors of Change, the writer limits these pages to a unit titled â€Å"Asian Americans: A "Model Minority" for Blacks?† The comparison of races continues in these pages of the book as the writer compares the Asian American population with the Black population who were predominantly made up of Africans. In the opinion of the writer, the Asian Americans were a perfect model minority, exemplifying how possible it was for any minority group to come out of the shells of oppression to see personal transfor mation and growth. Page 411-418 Vietnam is modeled as a nation that would not allow just any form of oppression to overcome it. This is because the nation rises high on its own defenses, exhibiting what the writer refers to as a Dragon’s Teeth of Fire. The writer believed that this was a situation with both merits and demerits. The merit was in the fact that a nation should just not succumb to oppression while the demerit was that

HIV- Infected Surgeon and a Duty to Disclose Essay Example for Free

HIV- Infected Surgeon and a Duty to Disclose Essay In Case 12 a doctor, Dr. M, has learned he is infected with HIV, should he disclose to his patients that he has HIV or even discontinue his practice of performing surgery on patients? In a study that was taken 2.5 times for every one hundred surgeries performed about one-third of those procedures the patient is touched with the surgeons’ blood. In the same study they have found that for every one hundred surgeries that a surgeon performs with HIV only three patients will contract HIV from the surgeon. Dr. M does not have an obligation to refrain from performing surgery due to the low risk of contracting HIV from him and with any surgery there are risks, such as death that have to be taken into consideration. While Dr. M doesn’t have the obligation to terminate his profession of a surgeon he does hold the obligation to disclose to his patents he is HIV positive. If he discloses this to them this allows for the patent to decide whether or not to continue the procedure with him. When he discloses this information to them he will also need to provide the facts and information to them of the low risk they have of contracting the virus from him. Just as Dr. M is obligated to disclose his information of the virus he carries to his patients so does this patents hold the same responsibility to provide that information to him. The patient providing this information to their surgeon is more critical then the surgeon providing it to them for the simply fact a surgeon has more exposure to blood than a patient does. For most patients the fear of the unknown is the worst disease of all but at times information is hard to attain. As a health care provider you should never allow the fear of not knowing what disease you have that could be passed along to your patients be in their minds. With the chosen profession of being a physician imposes a set of duties and obligations, which raise additional questions and concerns. As a physician you have accepted the obligation of do no avoidable harm, be as skilled and knowledgeable as possible, recommend and do what is best for the patient, and be honest with them. Along with these duties they also assume the responsibility and challenge of providing the facts that the patient needs in order to give a voluntary informed consent for the surgeon to perform surgery on them. As a surgeon they need to know whether it will impair their ability to perform their tasks safely and competently. They also need to know if it will pose any significant risk to their patients now or in the future. If the surgeon is or will become impaired they need to resolve the impairment. If this is not possible they may need to limit or change the kind of surgery they perform. The risk of HIV acquisition from an infected surgeon appears much lower than the risk bacterial infections, even those with deadly potential. These rates vary by surgeon and institution. It is not in the practice for surgeons to disclose their personal health information to potential patients. Similarly, most surgeons don’t openly disclose the number of similar cases they do annually, another factor associated with complication rates. Given this practice, it seems inappropriate to require disclosure of a lower-risk condition. That may change as risk-adjusted institutional and even surgeon-specific data become publicly available. Until then disclosure of HIV status seems inappropriate. It may arouse anxiety unnecessarily and have no practical effect on risk reduction. It may be that some patients would be more fearful of a low risk of HIV infection than of a serious adverse drug reaction, postoperative hemorrhage, or sepsis, but that is not a strong argument for routine disclosure. It is a reason to answer a direct question truthfully. While there may be an understandable hesitation to answer a patient’s pointed question about their surgeon’s HIV status, medical ethics and respect for persons demand an honest answer, just as they would to a question about training, experience, or complication rates. Therefore, surgeons should pose to patients the risks real and potential in a generic way and how they should be managed. Obtaining fully informed consent is morally necessary in order to acknowledge and respect an individual patients autonomy. Truth disclosure is an integral part of this acknowledgement. Accusations of paternalism may arise from decisions to restrict information to patients. The caring professions require patients trust in order to deliver care effectively. Being seen to care for a culture of openness may enhance patients trust in the professions while the appearance of concealment would certainly diminish it. In a society with an increasing culture of openness, and where the right to information from governments and official bodies is receiving attention, it would seem desirable to provide comprehensive information about risks. Patients have a right not to be harmed by their medical practitioner. This right is cherished in the concept of non-maleficence. While it is the duty of a doctor to do good to patients (benevolence), a particular treatment may not help all individuals. Thus, the least that a doctor should do is to do no harm. By not informing patients of their exposure, transmission might not be recognized, thus patients would be harmed by the denial of appropriate treatment. Moreover, if patients are infected, they constitute a transmission risk to those around them. Health care providers should not adopt the paternalistic approach of deciding for their patients what level of risk is acceptable, but should consider patients views. Autonomy and truth disclosure are important influences on this decision. In deciding whether to inform patients, a balance must be struck between their desires to know of past exposure to risks, and the professional view that when risks are negligible, patients need not be informed. It is strongly suggested that patients needs should be given greater weight.

Barclays Bank Is An International Company Marketing Essay

Barclays Bank Is An International Company Marketing Essay Barclays Bank is an international company offering banking services to its clients and potential customers i.e. those with no account but transact with people with an account with Barclays. In banking sector a customer is termed as person who has an account with the bank irregardless of whether the funds are available in that account or not. The head office of Barclays is located in London and it has many branches across the world. The main business of Barclays Bank is to offer banking services, corporate and investment banking to its clients. Barclays is the leading company offering financial services in the world. The company has been rank as a top company in terms of employment. They offer competitive salaries that have made it difficult for employees to move to other companies thus portraying a positive image. Human resource managers of various branches of Barclays Bank have contributed most to the success of the company. This has been due to motivations of employees in terms of promotions, salary increase and praising of good work. Services offered by the bank have various characteristics which includes intangibility. This characteristic of services has made it difficult for many marketers to market the services and convince the customer to buy. Effective marketers are able to sell these services despite of its intangibility. The main thing that enables these marketers to sell intangible services is that they create a picture of a service to customers and demonstrate how the services will be beneficial to them in case they make a choice to buy (Krishnan, 2009. p 200). The image of the bank is also another important element which will determine whether the customer will trust the services offered by the bank or not. In Barclays bank, the company has a good image in terms of building and has enough parking spaces for customers in their premises. Customers want to associate themselves with valuable things and thus when the bank looks smart everyone will want to belong to that bank. This is a strategy especially to customers who are looking for secured place to keep there funds. Most customers look at the appearances before making up their decision on whether to deposit their money in certain bank or not. It is also important to ensure that the banking hall is organised so as to attract many customers to buy intangible service in the bank (Kotler, 2009. p 161). Business people hate queuing in the bank because they will consider it as a waste of time. It is for this reason, that most banks have introduced ATMs in their branches so as to reduce queuing in the banking hall; customers can deposit or withdraw using their ATMs. Employees are also another important determinant of the success of the bank because they deal with customers directly. It is important that the human resource manager plans for training his employees concerning the services they offered. In most cases, it is difficult to sell the service without a person; services are commonly sold by people who understand how those services work. It is therefore important to train employees so that they can offer quality services to the customers. Lastly, the bank employees should dress in a certain code so that it is identified easily by the customers who need to be assisted in filling out the forms, or customers who might face any difficulty within the Banking hall. Furthermore, dressing in a certain manner signifies a lot to the customers in the bank. It might suggest the kind of discipline which is being maintained in the bank or it shows that employees are ready to assist at any time the problem arises. Barclays Bank normally differentiates itself from other banks in the following manner. They offer quality services to its customers and charge higher prices. This pricing strategy indicates that the company is offering quality services and are reliable. The pricing strategy used by the bank is effective because it target certain class of customers in the market. It is important to segment the market so that you can clearly identify the kind of customers you are dealing with. In most cases Barclays bank target people with average income because this is a class where many people fall. It is challenging for a bank to differentiate itself from other competitors because whenever the bank introduces a marketing strategy other banks will automatically copy. Barclays bank has managed to maintain it leadership position in the market because of the loyal customers. These loyal customers act as the advertising tool to the company because they offer referral to other customers. Barclays bank has also benefited greatly due to the high number of customers they serve in the market. The bank has been in a position to cross sell its products to the customers thus increasing it annual turnover (Gaspary, 2009. p 328) Barclays Bank offers a wide variety of account to its customers starting from children account to fixed deposit account. These varieties have given the customer a wide choice to choose from their interested field in which they invest in. It is important to offer such variety of services so that they can satisfy all classes of customers in the market they served. Furthermore, Barclays Bank has differentiate itself by implementing total quality management has part of their strategy. The company apply total quality management by concentrating on the customers needs, main goals of the bank and other parties which relates to the bank in one way or another. Application of total quality management have been based on the fact that the bank should at anytime deliver quality services for the benefit of the customers and also to attained its objective (Clark, 2008. p 80) Apart from differentiating itself from other banks through the application of total quality management the bank has benefited in this application of total quality management in various ways. The main advantage of using total quality management is the possibility of balance of interest of the opposing parties. For example the bank will be in apposition to make higher profit because there are customers willing to pay premium prices for the quality services they received. At this angle, the bank will benefit by selling its services at premium prices while the customers will be in a position to receive quality services which are worth their money. Because of total quality management, customers will receive services which will satisfy them completely. Finally, the bank can differentiate itself by positioning its products well in the market. Many banks products and services causes positioning errors in the minds of customers, these positioning errors comprised of confused positioning, under positioning and over positioning. These errors can be eliminated if the bank can carry out extensive marketing and personal selling so that the customers can receive the right information concerning the bank. It is important for the bank to differentiate its services from other competitors in terms of price, quality, and the benefits attached to the services. Bank can ensure this by introducing post purchase behaviour so that they can obtain the reaction of the customers after they have used the product. Question 2 Project management Executive summary The managers of the Wagga Independent Groceries Company (WIG) have suggested that all departments be network so that the flow of information and data retrieval will be easier. Furthermore, networking will assist the employees to deliver and serve customers in the shortest time possible because they accessing information or any other requirement they may be looking for. This report will analyse the procedures of networking and the recommendation to the manager of the company (Chary, 2009. p 119) Introduction and background Wagga Independent Groceries is a reputable company offering technological services to its customers. The company is trusted by its customers due to its quality services they offer at affordable prices. Furthermore, the company has been able to survive stiff competition in the market because of its quality services they offer which has enabled the company to build a positive image with its customers in the market (Kurtz, 2008. p 123) Findings The networking plan has been divided into four phases so that it can ensure proper installation in the company. This installation will help the departments to share some important information regarding the performances of the company. Duration Networking procedures have been divided into four phases. This phases comprised of phase one which is planning and design. This phase is expected to last for 6 weeks with activities As going on. We expect to start our project at this phase in which we will deal with technical requirements design and we will be reviewing the functional designed frequently (Polkowski, 2009. p 63). In the second phase, we will deal with preparation for installations. This is a crucial stage in which will be ordering various equipment for installation process, we will also carryout system prototyping and pre-configuration and testing. We expect all these process to last for 8 weeks and we will carryout activity B, C and D. The next step we will be taking is the installation. This will be in phase 3 and we plan to carryout installation because by then we will be having all the necessary materials in hand. We will also deal with site installation and documentation set up to ensure that all the departments are network in the company. This phase will last for 10 weeks and the activities in this phase comprised of G, E, and F. Finally, we will carryout post-installation which will comprised a lot of work such as orientation of staff on how to use the system, and then post installation review on the performances of the new system and finally, the formalization of the system in the company. This phase will also last for 7 weeks. The diagram below summarise the whole process of networking (Lawrence Kimberg, 2009. p 74) Conclusion In conclusion, the implementation process of the company will be carried out as planned because all the necessities have been put in place. Since I am a project manager, I would request the finance department to release the funds to be used in this process in a timely manner so that we can implement the project immediately as planned. According to the estimates, it shows that in case of disruption of the operation, the company will incur an average of $ 30, 000* 7 = $ 210,000. The system managers have an alternative of this, the activity H (site installation) can be taken by another company though there would be additional cost of $ 80,000, and the period will reduce to 3 weeks instead of 7 weeks. The total expenses in the second option is $ 80,000 * 3 = $ 240,000. This indicates that the option of system administrator is expensive though the time will be reduced to three weeks. The action I am going to recommend is that the management of the company should weigh a different of 4 weeks and a different of $ 30, 000. From there the management of the company will be in a position to come up with a sound decision (Karel, 2009. p 424). Critical Path Method of project planning. Executive summary This report seeks to address the project management of Wagga Independent Groceries Company which we intend to network all departments in the company so as to facilitate easy flow of information. The main aim of this report is prepared for the senior management of the Wagga Independent Groceries to review the planned process of networking the companys department. Furthermore, the report will advise the management on what is supposed to be done and the date of implementation. Introduction and background Due to complexity of the company and its heavy operation, the management of the company have proposed that the project planning be carried out before the actual implementation takes place in the company. We have chosen with my team and under the instruction of our manager to use Critical Path Method when preparing this report. Steps in critical path method of project planning To network the company effectively, there should be procedures to be followed. In this method every participant in the implementation must have clear role to carry out in the project. The following diagram shows how the implementation will be carried out. The letters (A, B, C, D, E and F) represent the activities shown in the above report. The weeks also indicate the duration taken to complete the project in every phase. In this method, there is critical part which needs to be identified and it concern the period required in order to complete implementation. The critical part can be identified by determining various parameters such as the earliest time of implementation and the expected time in which project will be completed. This is very important for purposes of mentoring the actions taken so that the actual result can be compared with the planned result (Martinich, 2009. p 89). Question 3 Plant Location The best coordinates will depends on so many factors such as infrastructure, to make the appropriate decision the manager needs to determine the demand of the materials in the company. It is not profitable for the company to move long distance when it can make less profit. There are various problems which are associated with the POM-QM for Windows especially when the places are scattered. It does not give the appropriate solution because they are based on estimation. It is better for the company to look for other alternative rather than using POM-QM for Windows. The method also requires somebody who understands the procedures well so that will calculate the relevant answers. Question 4 Transportation problem It has been tradition for central office in rural Victoria to co-ordinate all the shipment of blood into 5 hospitals. From the auditors report it shows that the manual technique being used is not cost effective. Due to this the management of the hospital has decided to implement other methods such as mathematical modelling so that they can minimise the cost. Hospital 1 Hospital 2 Hospital 3 Hospital 4 Hospital 5 Supply Bank 1 $50.00 $50.00 $100.00 $150.00 $200.00 250 Bank 2 $70.00 $70.00 $30.00 $30.00 $100.00 100 Bank 3 $50.00 $50.00 $40.00 $120.00 $150.00 150 Demand 80 120 220 50 40 Hospital 1 and 2 spend the same amount in transport in blood from the three Bank Blood though their demand varies. This means that Hospital 1 is not effective as compared to Hospital 2. In general Hospital 3 is very effective because of high demand yet they spend equal amount with Hospital 1 and 2. On the other, supply from the three Blood Banks varies with Bank 1 delivering large amount of Blood. It will be economical if the 5 hospital utilise the supply from Bank 1. Hospital should also consider the storage devices available before making it decision. The hospitals need to analyse the blood group from every Blood Bank so that those with the same blood group can consider leaving so as to reduce the expenses. They should also analyse the usage of blood in the hospital to avoid transporting excess blood to the hospital. Besides, the hospital can team up with the Red Cross that has created a blood bank for emergencies so that they can be transporting whenever a need arises in the hospital. Work Cited Clark, G. Service operations management: improving service delivery. Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2008. 3rd edn. Pp 79-84 Kurtz, D. L. Contemporary Business 2009 Update. Cengage Learning, 2008 12th edn. Pp 121-126 Martinich, J. S. Production And Operations Management: An Applied Modern Approach. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2009 5th edn. Pp 88-92 Gaspary, P. Integrated Management of Systems, Services, Processes and People in IT. Springer, 2009 4th edn. Pp 326-330 Chary, A. Production and operations management. Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009 4th edn . 117-121 Karel, R. Operations and Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century. Cengage Learning, 2009 6th edn. Pp 421-425 Polkowski, L. Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology. Springer, 2009 3rd edn. Pp 61-64 . Lawrence, P. Kimberg, R. Advances in Business and Management Forecasting. Emerald Group Publishing, 2009. 4th edn. Pp 72-76 Kotler, H. Marketing: An Introduction. Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2009 4th edn. Pp 158-166 Krishnan, R. Marketing Research, 2009. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2009 7th edn. Pp 199-201

Market and Company Analysis of Nestle

Market and Company Analysis of Nestle Nestlà ©, the worlds leading food company, produces nutritious food and is conscious of the importance of informing the consumer about the link between nutrition and health. A healthy diet contributes significantly to the overall quality of a good life. 2.2 Nestle Ghana LTD **Note: Please REPHRASE and COMBINE this section; its taken WORD BY WORD from the available source. Source 1: Marketing Information and Research Task 1and 3.pdf Source 2: Nestle Pure Life Drinkng Water.pdf Nestle Ghana limited is a private company operating in Ghana. Its activities include condensed and evaporated dairy products, beverages, coffee, tea, and chocolate and confectionary. The company employs four hundred and seventy two work forces. Nestle started business in Ghana in 1957 under the trading name of Nestle products Ghana limited with the importation of nestle products such as milk and chocolate. In 1968, it was incorporated as Food Specialties (Ghana) limited to manufacture and market locally well known Nestle brands. The company became nestle Ghana limited in 1987. In 1971 the production of two products, Ideal Milk and milo started at the factory in Tema, the port city. The factory has since been further developed and now also produces carnation milk, Chocomilo, Chocolim, Cerelac, Cerevita and Nescafe 3 in 1. These products are not only produced for Ghana but also exported across West Africa. In 2003, Nestle Ghana limited invested in a new warehouse named the Central Dist ribution Centre, located next to the factory in Tema. The company runs sales offices with warehouse in Kumasi, Takoradi, Koforidua and tamale, all in Ghana. The business activity of Nestle Ghana limited is a direct contribution to the economy of Ghana. For all these and other endeavours, nestle Ghana limited has been recognized by the Government of Ghana and other bodies as a responsible corporate citizen. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Nestlà © Ghana Limited started business in Ghana in 1957, with the importation of Nestlà © products such as milk and chocolates. The company built its factory at Tema in 1971 and started the production of IDEAL Milk and MILO. In 1987 Food Specialties Ghana Limited became Nestlà © Ghana Limited. Since then, the product portfolio has increased with the additional production of CARNATION, CARNATION TEA CREAMER, CHOCOLIM, CHOCOMILO, CERELAC (Maize, Wheat, Wheat Bean, 3 Fruits, Honey, Rice and Banana), NESCAFÄ’ Crem 3 in 1 and NESQUIK, which is produced for import. Other products like NESCAFÄ’ and MAGGI are imported from Cà ´te dIviore. Nestlà © Ghana Limited continues to thrive in business because great importance is placed on value creation for our stakeholders and customers. Ensuring long term profitable growth and sustainability has been achieved by building on the companys strengths and balancing the portfolio on three (3) sound pillars: milk, cocoa beverag e, and culinary. As a member of the Central and West Africa region (CWAR), Nestlà © Ghana aims to be an efficient and competitive inter-company supplier: using and contributing to CWAR synergies by becoming a sound manufacturing base for Ghanaian exports like cocoa beverage; aiming to increase Nestlà © Ghana exports from ten percent (10%) to thirty percent (30%) of annual turnover. To achieve this, Nestlà © Ghana is diligently improving processes through capacity usage and working capital optimization, such as the introduction of environmentally friendly equipment, and upgrading information systems, with the introduction of GLOBE (SAP). The advent of these changes enhances and enforces Nestlà © Ghanas determination develop Nestlà © employees. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= In 2003, Nestlà © Ghana Ltd invested in a new warehouse, the Central Distribution centre, located next to the factory in Tema. The company also runs sales offices with warehouses in Kumasi, Takoradi, Koforidua and Tamale. The business activity of Nestlà © Ghana Ltd is a direct contribution to the Ghanaian economy. For all these and other endeavours, Nestlà © Ghana Ltd has been recognized by Government and other bodies as a responsible citizen. Since its establishment, Nestle Ghana limited has significantly stimulated the Ghanaian economy with a dynamic, well trained dedicated work force, manufacturing and marketing well-known brands such as: Ideal Full Cream Evaporated Milk, Carnation Filled Milk, Carnation Tea Creamer, Milo, Chocolim, Chocomilo Cerevita porridge, Cerelac Maize Milk And Cereal Wheat / Milk. Nestle Ghana also imports and distributes brands such as: NIDO milk powder, lactogen infant formula, NAN infant formula, Nescafe soluble Coffee, and Maggi Bouillons and cold sauces. Nestle Ghana Ltd. is now seeking to capitalize on the goodwill enjoyed by it brand chocolim, by introducing chocoless, a brand extension, aimed at generating growth for the company. ANALYSIS Industry Analysis Industry of Cocoa in Ghana Cocoa beans were first introduced to Ghana in 1878 by Tettah Quarshie. Thereafter, the cultivation of cocoa increased steadily until Ghana became the worlds largest cocoa producer, supplying more than one-third of world production by the mid-1960s. By the early 1980s, production was less than half that of two decades before; market conditions were aggravated by a drop of nearly 75% in world cocoa prices between 1977 and 1982. In 1983/84, cocoa production totaled 158,000 tons, the lowest since independence; by 1999, production had rebounded to about 409,000 tons (second highest after Cà ´te dIvoire). The Ghana Cocoa Marketing Board purchases and (at least in theory) exports the entire cocoa crop, as well as coffee and shea nuts. Cocoa smuggling was made punishable by death in 1982. [http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ghana-AGRICULTURE.html#ixzz1DlAhbER2] Since the introduction of democracy in Ghana in 1992, the cocoa beverage industry has shown considerable growth. Total number of players is estimated around five. Difficulties in discovering this number arise due to increasing of imported product by unauthorized company. The advent of a democratic government has led to a more business friendly environment and privatization policies have led to an increase in the size of the private sector in the country. Leading Businesses in the Industry Cocoa beverage industry in Ghana is highly fragmented, with the presence of multinationals, domestic and foreign companies. Except in categories where domestic players are protected by legislation, multinationals usually dominate. Notable players include Cadbury (Ghana), Cocoa Processing Company (CPC) and NABB Brothers. It is common for large international companies to form alliances with Ghanaian companies, to repackage and/or market their products in Ghana. This lowers the risk of market entry, as well as enabling the international company to benefit from the existing marketing and distribution capabilities of the Ghanaian company. Factors That Affect Growth Economically, Ghana was in the lower tier of developing countries and classified as a least developed country (LCD) by international development agencies because its per capita annual income was US$400 [textbook]. A positive outlook is forecast for consumer goods in Ghana. One of the main contributory factors will be the countrys political and economic stability. Higher disposable incomes and increasing company advertising are expected to boost value growth. The average Ghanaian will spend more on packaged food, especially on items previously regarded as luxuries. Value growth will also benefit from the increasing sophistication of Ghanaian consumers and improving product quality. Food items that are fast and convenient, such as pasta and noodles, will continue to post dynamic value growth. The sector faces many challenges caused by the environment in Ghana such as poor infrastructure, poor standards of education, and high levels of corruption and a generally low level of disposable income of the population. There is little manufacturing for export, but a significant activity exists in the manufacture of fast moving consumer goods aimed at the domestic market. In recent years, multinational corporations have increased their investment in physical plants, information technology and staff training with a view to improving their operational performance. The consumer goods sector is a major part of the manufacturing sector in Ghana. And like all other manufacturers, the consumer goods industry is characterized by low valued added production. What we see are processors who process imported raw materials into finished products, with very little value added. Multinational companies operating in this industry hardly add value because they import concentrates from their parent companies, which they convert into finished products with minimal value added. The industry is dominated by wholesalers and distributors. In fact, distributors and wholesalers account for over 50% of total sales within the industry. Their dominance is as a result of fragmentation nature at the retail end of the market. The retail end lacked adequate supermarket and glossary stores. They mainly comprise of roadside kiosks, stores, and small sized restaurants, whose sales volumes are generally low. Distribution to the retail market is hampered by huge investments required for delivery trucks general bad road network. Marketing Strategy -What types of marketing strategies are prevalent within the industry? -Determine current operational/management trend within the industry? Neslte Creating Shared Value (Source: Nestlà © Creating SharedValue Report 2009.pdf) care about the people water treatment Water treatment Because good water quality in the areas surrounding our plants has direct benefits for our business, society and the environment all our water is treated in wastewater treatment plants. Our preference is to use municipal wastewater plants to ensure we return only cleaned water back into the environment, but where these are insufficient, we invest in our own on-site facilities (approximately 292 to date, including our latest in Tema, Ghana). We remove 97% of the organic load of the water leaving our factories before it is returned to the environment. In 2009, we discharged 91.34 million m3 of water, a decrease of more than 5% on 2008, with an average level of organic load of 91 mg COD/l (Chemical Oxygen Demand per litre). During 2009, we have reviewed this KPI and have determined that figures for previous years were underreported. Competitor Analysis Nestle Ghana was facing a direct competition and indirect competition. Their direct competitors are Cadburry Schweppes Ghana Ltd, NABB Brothers, Cocoa Processing Company, Allied Cocoa Products Ltd and Kings Cocoa Processing Company Ltd (KCPCL). All those competitors are manufactured and marketed cocoa products. Cadburry and NABB Brothers are multinational companies which have wide experience in international marketing. The rest are local companies which plant cocoa and manufactured cocoa products for Ghanaian. Multinational companies which enter Ghana earlier than Nestle is Cadburry Schweppes Ghana Ltd entered Ghana on 1910 for its own benefit. It was 100% owned by Cadburry Schweppes (UK) with 120 employees. NABB brothers is imported cocoa products to Ghana, there are the leading distributor of supermarket products. The earliest local company which produced cocoas product is Cocoa Processing Company Limited established in 1965 and situated in the picturesque port city of Tema in Ghana. The company comprises three factories (2 Cocoa Factories and a Confectionery Factory). Kings Cocoa Processing Company Limited is a limited liability company incorporated in Ghana on November 30, 1981. The shares of the company are publicly traded on the Ghana Stock Exchange. Allied Cocoa Products Ltd was serving Ghana since 1998. Kings Cocoa Processing Company Limited is a private limited liability company which was incorporated in 2000 to take over the cocoa processing business of the parent company, Luki Investments Limited, which has been trading since 1992. Furthermore, Nestle Ghana was facing indirect competition as well. In Ghana, Milo and Chocolim were marketed for cocoa products by Nestle. They have to compete with other products which are not cocoa products because Ghana also planted tea, coffee and else and can be manufactured into variety products. Cocoa might be chosen by children and teenagers but not elders. Competition by Product Cocoa is the largest cash crops in Ghana since 19th century. However, the earliest local company serving cocoa products for citizen is Cocoa Processing Products in 1965. Cadburry Schweppes entered Ghana on 1910 while Nestle started in Ghana on 1957. This time frame show us that even though Ghana have plant cocoas for a long time but they only manage to produce it on 1965 because they are classified as a least developing country (LDC). Their products are chocolate drink and Golden Tree chocolate bars. The Cocoa beverage market is divided into three categories based on the product: The Premium Segment, Mass Market and Institutional Market. Nestle had a strong market in Premium and Mass Market segment. The Institutional Market is for products that contain basic unsweetened cocoa powder supplied to school, hospitals, the armed forces, and so on. Nestle pulverized cocoa drink consisted of  Milo and Chocolim. The major brand Nestle which manufactured Milo was the leader in the premium category, while state owned Cocoa Processing Company manufactured Golden Tree Vitaco was the strongest in the Institutional Company. As we can se here, all of the companies were marketed cocoas products. Bournvita and Richoco which manufactured by Cadburry Schweppes Ghana Ltd, imported Ovaltine which marketed by NABB Brothers, Golden Tree Vitaco Instant Drinking Chocolate which made by Cocoa Processing Company, Broma which made by Allied Cocoa Products Ltd and Kings Cocoa Processing Company Ltd (KCPCL). All those competitors are manufactured and marketed cocoa products. Competition by Price Ghana has a long history of government-controlled prices for consumer goods and people were quiet sensitive to price changes and were said to have long-term negative perceptions of companies that were perceived to engage in price gouging. These happened because Ghana was in the lower tier of developing countries and classified as a least developed country (LDC) by international development agencies because its per capita annual income was US$400. Nestle (Ghana) needs to develop products that are affordable to the common people because they are dealing with a developing country which has a   low per capita income of US$400. Nestle perceived better quality products were sold at premium of 5% to 10% over competitors. The products were becoming less affordable with waning real incomes. There was also increasing price pressure from imports that were flooding the market as a result of import liberalization. People in developing countries look for affordable products and do not pay attention to the eminence of the products thereby Nestle (Ghana) should not have its products above the average price of  similar products in the market. Thus, Nestle (Ghana) should make its products more affordable to the common people. The disadvantage for Nestle (Ghana) is the external economic environment was increasingly hostile and risky with the rapid increases in inflations; high interest rates and the high level of currency instability were leading them to increase the prices. Competition by Promotion Nestle also operated its own sales outlet and largely distributed through supermarkets and departments. Nestle had 100 regular distributors nationwide and the biggest distributor was Unilever s G.B. Ollivant subsidiary. Nestle used an amalgamation of media advertising and sales promotions targeted at the youth for Milo. The company sponsored highly popular youth soccer leagues, sponsored tennis tournaments and marathon race for all ages. Sales promotion technique of wet sampling (free drinks) was intended at promoting the sales. Media advertising promoted the themes of good health, growing up, and success as closely related and linked to drinking Milo. Nestle s strategy in Ghana was to ensure high awareness of its brands, widespread distribution and quality of its products which helped trounce its competitors in the cocoa beverage market. The statistics shows that only 35.8% of the population of Ghana lives in urban areas, the rest 64.2% of the population lives in rural areas where there are low levels of consumer durable ownership such as telephone, television, house, radio and low circulation of print media. Such setbacks in rural areas mean that mass promotion was viable primarily in the urban areas. The main drawback is that companies have to use large investment in promotion of product into the rural areas to exploit 64.2% of the population. As an alternative of spending 150 million cedis (about US$150,800) on sales promotions in urban areas on non media promotion of 60% and 40% covered media expenditure, Nestle can utilize the investment to aggressively promote the product in rural areas. It will help Nestle (Ghana) to venture into the majority of the population and take control of the market from both sides. Competition by Market share Nestle pulverized cocoa drink consisted of Milo and Chocolim. The two products were quite similar with sixty percent of the company s powdered sales from Milo and forty percent from Chocolim. Chocolim was aimed at rural areas and low-end urban market while Milo was the premier brand and was targeted to the high-end of the market. Nestle brands were sold at premiums of 5% to 10% over competitors because if its perceived better quality in the market. The Cocoa beverage market was divided into three segments: Premium Segment, Mass Market and Institutional Market. Nestle managers estimated their share of 80% in the cocoa beverage market; other observers believed Nestle share was closer to 55%. Major competitors for Nestle were Bournvita and Richoco, manufactured by Cadbury (Ghana) with an estimated 20% to 40% market share. Cadbury (Ghana) was 100% owned by Cadbury Schweppes (U.K) and had 120 employees. Another entrant, though on a much smaller scale, was state-owned Cocoa Processing Company (CPC) which made Golden Tree Vitaco Instant Drinking Chocolate. In the institutional market CPC was the strongest market. An additional category of competition came from imports, the most prominent of which was Ovaltine, marketed by NABB Brothers, a leading distributor of supermarket products. Milo was the leader in the premium category, while Golden Tree was the strongest in the Institutional Market. Richoco was believed to lead Chocolim by about 5% to 10% market share in the mass market. http://www.goldentreeghana.com/thecompany.html http://www.alibaba.com/member/lumor/aboutus.html http://www.scn.org/rdi/kw-coc.htm http://business.everythinghana.com/index.php?option=com_mtreetask=viewlinklink_id=48Itemid=26 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bean-to-bar_chocolate_manufacturers http://alliedcocoa.com/index.asp Definition of Population growth rate: The average annual percent change in the population, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing needs of its people for infrastructure (e.g., schools, hospitals, housing, roads), resources (e.g., food, water, electricity), and jobs. Rapid population growth can be seen as threatening by neighboring countries. SWOT Analysis Strengths Global food producer, located in over 100 countries. Consistently one of the worlds largest producers of food products, Global sales in 2008 topped $101 billion. Nestlà © provides quality brands and products and line extensions that are well-known, top-selling brands. Successful due in part to their unquestionable ability to keep major brands consistently in the forefront of consumers minds (and in their shopping carts) by renovating existing product lines, keeping major brands from slipping into saturation/decline and having superior access to distribution channels. Weaknesses Growth in their organic food sales division was flat in 2008, even though the industry grew 8.9%. Nestle Ghana lack of rural market promotion Products are not affordable by common people Opportunities In todays health conscious societies, they can introduce more health-based products, and because they are a market leader, they would likely be more successful. Provide allergen free food items, such as gluten free and peanut free. They launched a new premium line of higher cocoa content chocolates dubbed Nestlà © Treasures Gold, in order to cash in on the recession economy in which consumers cut back on luxury goods, but regularly indulge in candy and chocolate. Opened Nestlà © Cafà ©s in major cities to feature Nestlà © products. Nestle strategy in Ghana was to ensure high awareness of its brands, widespread distribution and quality of its products which helps trounce its competitors in the cocoa beverage market with its theme of good health, growing up and success as closely related to its products. Expand to Institutional Market Nestle (Ghana) needs to develop products that are affordable to the common people because they are dealing with a developing country which has a low per capita income of US$400. Threats Any contamination of the food supply, especially e-coli. Raw chocolate ingredient prices are soaring; dairy costs alone rose 50% in 2008, this cuts heavily into their profit margins and often gets passed on to consumers, by shrinking the packaging in a way that is almost unnoticeable-therefore the consumer is paying the same prices for less product. They have major competitors, like Cadburry Schweppes Ghana Ltd, NABB Brothers, Cocoa Processing Company, Allied Cocoa Products Ltd and Kings Cocoa Processing Company Ltd (KCPCL) The external economic environment was increasingly hostile and risky with the rapid increases in inflations; high interest rates and the high level of currency instability were leading them to increase the prices. RECOMMENDATIONS We would suggest Nestlà © (Ghana) should make products affordable to the common people. By developing Nestlà © (Ghana) products that are affordable to the common they can reach majority of the population because they are dealing with a developing country which has a low per capita income of US$400. Nestlà ©s perceived better quality products can help it market in rural areas if the product is affordable. It will help Nestlà © (Ghana) also exploit 64.2% of the rural population and take control of market from both the sides. It will also help Nestlà © expand into new market segments like the Institutional Marketing. People in developing countries look for affordable products and dont pay attention to the eminence of the products thereby Nestlà © (Ghana) should not have its products above the average price of similar products in the market. Nestlà © (Ghana) can make maximum profits from a developing country like Ghana and exploit to every side of the population, urban and rural.

Paidea and Identity Essay -- Philosophy Hobbes Papers

Thomas Hobbes, like Francis Bacon before him, disliked Aristotle and scholasticism. They were both quite familiar with the objects of their dislike, having encountered Aristotle and scholasticism first hand at Oxford University. Bacon later described his tutors as "men of sharp wits, shut up in their cells of a few authors, chiefly Aristotle, their Dictator." Bacon clearly saw the extent of new possibilities in thought. He held that Europeans of his time needed to sail beyond the Pillars of Hercules (the limits of ancient learning) into an ocean of new learning. Hobbes, for similar reasons described the universities as places for the production of insignificant speech. Locke also echoed this rejection of scholasticism and contempt for the universities. The purpose of this paper is to talk about this rejection and the ways in which the continuing revolt against university education by Hobbes and Locke has contributed to a new view of the self. Hobbes rejects the teleology of Aristotelian science. His view of man is shaped by Galileo's new insights about motion. His translation of the revolutionary doctrines of physics into claims about man and politics is a most remarkable piece of creative thinking. Life is not aimed at the attainment of the mature state of the species as Aristotle claimed. Man, like other physical objects, keeps moving until something (death, in the case of man) stops him. Yet the reaction to Aristotle and scholasticism was not a matter of simply rejecting the philosophy of Aristotle wholesale. The relation which philosophers had to Aristotelian ideas is much more complex. Philosophers quite typically would reject one piece of Aristotelianism but keep another. Part of the reason for this is that it is not easy... ...ump of matter to another, when the matter changes, so necessarily do the accidents which depend on it. Thus the ship of Theseus case Hobbes claims fits this model of individuation and not the first two. (10) Thus, Hobbes also can give an account of the trinity in terms of these definitions, and it is worth noting that most of the occurences of the term 'person' in the Leviathan are in the context of a discussion of the trinity. But, presumably Hobbes still regards God as a material body, and the three persons of the trinity as different representations in speech and action of that body. (11) John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter Nidditch, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972. (II. xxvii. 6. 2-9) Pg. 332 (12) Ibid. (13) Ibid. (18-20) Pg. 332 (14) Ibid. (II. xxvii. 7. 23-24) Pg. 332 (15) Locke, op. cit. (II. xxvii. 9 21-28) Pg. 335

Energy Demand Essay -- Environment, Green Energy

This year, the world is predicted to burn through some thirty-one billion barrels of oil, six billion tons of coal, and a hundred trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and producing over thirty tons of carbon dioxide. Nobody really knows when the last drop of oil, lump of coal or cubic foot of natural gas will be collected from the Earth. All of it will depend on how well we manage our energy demands along with how well we can develop and use our renewable energy sources (Kolbert 349). Green energy can also be referred to as renewable energy, which requires less maintenance compared to non-renewable sources of energy (Ellis 66). Fuel for the renewable sources of energy comes from natural resources such as wind, reducing costs of production. This paper will highlight the major advantages of green energy. California was one of the first states to develop utility-scaled wind farms, and until 2000 had more wind farms than all countries combined. Furthermore, according to the U.S. Department of Energy, California’s wind power plants offset the emission of more that 2.5 billion pounds of carbon dioxide and 15 million pounds of other pollutants that would have been produced. Wind energy is most preferable because it has no waste products. Currently, California has more than 13,000 wind turbines generating electricity, of those 13,000 or 95 percent are located in three main areas: (1) Altamont Pass, (2) Tehachapi, and (3) San Gorgonio. According to U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar, â€Å"Wind power is a key(s) to America’s clean energy future† (AWEA 2011). In addition, A. Solway from Renewable Resources stated that, â€Å"renewable energy is pro-environment being ranked as the cleanest source of green energy and does not in any ... ...nd. However, setting up the offshore turbines has been quite challenging, as relocation of people has been a hot topic that has propped up many challenges (Twidell and Wier 76). Aside from all the positive aspects of wind turbines one of the largest arguments against turbines is the large number of bird and bat fatalities that are attributed to windmills during their migration. The birds and bats are dieing due by flying into the blades on the windmills. Taking this into account some of the measures, the green power industry has taken to try an avoid any further impact on the wildlife. One of the steps is replacing old turbines with new ones, which produce more energy. According to the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, that by comparison to communication towers, oil spills, feral cats that a very small fraction of birds is actually killed by wind related causes.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS FROM AN EDUCATIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE

The followers is a elaborate analysis of the responses to the two different questionnaires. The full questionnaires and replies are summarized in tabular arraies in the appendix ( delight see appendix E and appendix F ) . The response rates to both questionnaires were comparatively good. From the parents, 6 out of 15 returned a completed questionnaire, giving a response rate of 40 % . From the instructors, healers and other school staff 13 out of 23 returned a completed questionnaire, giving a response rate of 56 %Background of parents and kidsAll 6 respondents to the parents ‘ questionnaire were the several female parents of the kids with autism ; no male parents, carers or other relations responded straight. The ages of their kids ranged between 9.2 and 10.7 old ages ( average = 9.9 ) and all except for one had merely one kid with particular demands. This peculiar female parent reported to hold another boy ( aged 13 old ages ) with autism and to boot terrible larning troubles every bit good as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) . The parents heard about the school with an ABA programme from different beginnings. Two of them were referred by friends ; two found out about it on the World Wide Web, one was referred by a physician and one by a charity called PEACH ( Parents for the early intercession of autism in kids ) . The motives of the parents to direct their kid to the school were besides different: for four parents it was peculiarly because of the school-based ABA programme – one of these four even followed an ABA-program at place before while another one wanted to exchange to an Applied Behaviour Analysis-based intercession as she did n't experience that her autistic kid was doing any noticeable advancement at the Local Education Authority ( LEA ) school. Another parent had problem acquiring support for the coveted home-based ABA plan from her local council and so opted for a school-based attack ( which the local council agreed to fund ) , while the last respondent simply indicated that the school was â€Å" what she wanted † . The continuance of those 6 kids at school ranged from merely half a twelvemonth to over 5 old ages, giving an norm of 3.5 old ages and a median of 3.8 old ages.Teachers ‘ experience with and positions of ABAThe 13 teachers/school staff who participated in the questionnaire had really different degrees of experience. Experience degrees measured in old ages ranged from merely under 1 twelvemonth to 11 old ages with a median of 3 old ages demoing a really broad scattering of the consequences. The mean experience of instructors ‘ was 4.3 old ages. 12 out of the 13 school staff were existent instructors, 1 indicated to be â€Å" other school staff † . Asked about the restrictions and hazards of Applied Behaviour Analysis, instructors replied that ABA might non be suited to all kids with autism and that the chief hazard is that kids can go â€Å" prompt dependent † or dependant on one-on-one support, which may curtail their societal accomplishments development in the hereafter. Teachers besides noted that Applied Behaviour Analysis is a really stiff and intensive manner of learning which can be difficult to follow, seting a batch of emphasis on the households, and if non applied properly it could be damaging to a kid ‘s advancement. Other instructors / healers besides mentioned the deficiency of secondary proviso after the kid leaves the peculiar school ( which is primary merely ) and that the plan is really expensive. Unfortunately, merely 11 of the 13 instructors replied to this inquiry.Parents ‘ cognition of, experience and engagement with ABAFrom the six parents reacting the questionnaire, 5 described their c ognition as â€Å" really good † , while one felt that she had â€Å" some cognition † . Besides, 5 out of 6 had some old experience with Applied Behaviour Analysis rules, either through a home-based plan or another ABA-lead school. One parent besides applied different, more specialised signifiers of ABA before, such as â€Å" spring led † Applied Behaviour Analysis attack, independent Verbal Behaviour ( VB ) programme and Lovaas. Interestingly, the instructors ‘ responses to the inquiry sing parents ‘ cognition and experience is really different: instructors find that the cognition degree of parents varies a batch and on the border, parents have far excessively small apprehension of the ABA-approach. They see a direct relationship between the degree of involvement a parent shows to his or her degree of cognition and emphasis that the school is already offering a batch of information to parents in order to maintain them up to day of the month about their autistic kid ‘s behaviour programme. Teachers believe that the engagement of parents in their kid ‘s Applied Behaviour Analysis plan is really of import. The chief benefits in the eyes of the school staff are consistence and continuity in the manner the kid is worked with, particularly in the initial phases of the ABA-program execution. However, instructors complain that most parents are non involved plenty in their kid ‘s ABA pla n. Most suspect that the grounds for this are merely a deficiency of clip, involvement, cognition and in some instances besides their bad commandment of English. Some besides say that parents merely necessitate much more support. All of the parents have seen betterments in their autistic kid ‘s behavior since following the Applied Behaviour Analysis programme at school. Most parents saw betterments in the communicating of their kid, some to boot celebrated betterments in accomplishments, behavior and assurance. No troubles have been reported except for nail-biting in 2 out of the 6 instances.Use of ABA at placeTeachers believe that utilizing Applied Behaviour Analysis outside of school ( e.g. at place ) has a figure of advantages for a kid with autism. Chiefly it reinforces what the kid has earned at school but more significantly it provides consistence to the kid, allows him to generalise behaviors and potentially larn more behaviors and accomplishments. One instructor thought that it is non possible to generalise the advantages for all kids, another one idea that its good to follow ABA rules when covering with behaviors of the kid, but non utile to utilize in all state of affairss at place. However, the 11 out of 13 instructors besides identified a figure of hazards with utilizing ABA outside school – 2 of the instructors thought there were no hazards at all. The chief hazard identified was that parents would necessitate to be decently trained in order to use ABA right and systematically with the manner it is done at school. Otherwise, kids could acquire confused, possibly unlearn some of the good behavior and accomplishments that they have acquired at school and perchance even acquire frustrated. Teachers besides mentioned that kids could go easy â€Å" prompt-dependant † , that Applied Behaviour Analysis is non a natural manner to educate or handle kids and if applied throughout would make an unrealistically structured universe for the kid with autism. One instructor besides mentioned that utilizing ABA both inside and outside school could be excessively much for kids, as the plan is really intensive. Of the six parents take parting in the questionnaire, 5 presently use ABA rules at place. However the strength varies a batch between the households. One female parent indicated she used it 80 % of the clip, two moths use it in the eventides or on Saturday forenoon, one mainly for lavatory preparation and the 5th female parent gave no clear indicant of how much she used it but said that she would utilize it â€Å" to generalise what is taught at school † . Asked about whether they would see utilizing ABA more at place, parents ‘ sentiments seem to be divided: three replied that they would non utilize it more, or merely if a new debatable behaviour would emerge, while two said that they would wish to utilize it more, e.g. during school vacations. One of these two said that she would necessitate more support and preparation. The 6th female parent gave no response at all to this inquiry. Teachers and healers believe that the chief grounds why parents do non utilize Applied Behaviour Analysis at place are linked to a deficiency of the necessary clip and cognition. Some instructors besides believe that other household committednesss, e.g. other kids and spouse, and a deficiency of support play a function in it. One instructor suspects that some parents may differ with ABA and that there might non be adequate communicating and trust between the parents and the school. Asked about how parents could be encouraged to utilize ABA more at place, instructors believe that both preparation and place visits would be most of import. Two instructors besides think that a better communicating between the school and the parents would assist, while some suggest that parents should see the school more frequently and, for illustration, attend workshops or merely detect their kid in schoolroom. One instructor besides believes that more support is needed to acquire parents more involved in Applied Behaviour Analysis programmes at place. Finally, parents were asked about any other intercession techniques they used to handle their autistic kids. Two of them answered that they were utilizing the Relationship Development Intervention ( RDI ) , one tried the Son-Rise Programme and yet another female parent uses a gluten casein free and OT free diet. The two staying parents indicated that they were non utilizing any other intercessions.

Animal Feed Industry in India Essay

The Indian fodder industry is virtually 35 years old. It is mainly restricted to dairy farm and poultry range manufacturing. The quality standards of Indian feeds ar high and up to supranational levels. Raw materials for feed atomic number 18 adequately getable in India. The industrys poultry feed achievement is about 3.0 million tonnes, which represents only 5 pct of the total potential and feed exports are not rattling high. The Indian living creature feed industry is undergoing a very exciting phase of growth for the attached decade.Production areaThe regions of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and coastal areas are rich in the production of puppet feed due to high snip cultivation and industrial setups that give creature feed as the by product. suppuration promotional activitiesThe indian animal feed industry has modern computerized plants and the latest equipment for uninflected procedures and least-cost ration formulation and it employs the latest manufactu ring technology. In India, most research work on animal feeds is practical and foc parts on the use of by-products, the upgrading of ingredients and the enhancing of productivity. The country has entered into a period of liberalization and this is bound to influence the livestock industry. in that respect is no shortage of compound animal feeds anywhere in the country.The organized area of the compound feed industry is veneer serious problems resulting from a huge informal capacity, to the extent of 50 percent or more. New capacities are being added by global participants of the feed business and by national as well as multinational integrators. The nature of animal feed and the poultry feed industry has whole changed.TypesMeat-meal, fishmeal, bone- meal and dicalcium phosphate of bone declivity are the common raw materials available for animal feeding. Fishmeal and meat-meal were popularly used in poultry feed, but the increased production improved availability and better se ntiency of soybean meal that led to successor fishmeal and meat-meal in most poultry rations.Tags- physical Feed, wight Feed Industry In India, Animal Feed Manufacturers In India, Animal Feed Suppliers, Poultry Feed

Different Types of Soils in India Essay

1. desolate disfigurements The principal surface ara of opaque soils is the Dec cornerstone plateau and its periphery extending from 845to 26o north latitude and 68o to 83o45 east longitude. They argon form from Dec humbledlife basalt trap rocks and fleet in aras beneath the monsoon climate, by and large of semi- desiccate and sub-humid types. The overall climate of black soil office may be described as calorifacient and run dry summer, 40-100 cm rainwater per annum, mild to mitigate winters and annual temperature ranges from 24-30o centigrade, mean maximum temperature during April-May ranges from 3642C arid mean minimum temperature during winter ranges from 15-24 centigrade. Semi-arid to sub-humid, tropical to sub-tropical monsoon type climate with alternate dry and wet periods and calcification ( brass of calcium carbonate) atomic number 18 favourable to the formation of black soils.The soils ar characterised by relentless colorize to black colouration with 3 5-60% clay, neutral to just about alkalic chemical reaction, eminent s surfaceing and shrinkage, plasticity, deep cracks during summer and worthless status of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. Impeded waste pipe and depressed permeability ar the study problems. Black soils. are split up into shallow black soil of a depth of 30-50 cms, medium black soils of 50-120 cm and deep black soils of more than 120 centimeters. The rude(a) vegetation comprises dry deciduous species, viz palas (Butes frondoss), sisam (Dalbergia sisu), nim tree (Azadirachta indica) and teak (Tectona grandis).Cotton, sugar faecese, groundnut, millets, maize, pulses, saff discredit are the common exercises grownup on these soils. Because of their inherent drainage problem, they are wedded to salinity and sodicity under irrigated conditions unless proper drainage is ensured. Because of its laid-back water retaining capacity, rainfed crops like minor millets, pulses like supply gram are vegeta bles of different types and citrus fruits house also be grown. These soils are also cognize as regurs, nullah regadi (a telugu record meaning black clay) and black cotton soils as cotton was the major crop grown in these soils.2. Red soils These soils are derived from granite, gneiss and other(a) metamorphic rocks. These soils are create under well drained condition. The climate is semi-arid tropical with mean annual temperature of 25C and mean annual rain from 75-100 cm. The soils are higher textured, friable structure and contains low soluble salts. They are slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, well drained with moderate permeability. They are loosely poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, caustic lime, humus etc. In this soil, lime concretions and free carbonates are absent. The red colour is receivable to the higher degree of hydration of the fericoxide in the soils. On uplands, they are petulant blonde or cussed and porous and light coloured on which nutrient crops like baj ra can be grown.On the cut back plains and vales, they are dark, coloured conceptive loams, irrigated crops like maize, wheat, pulses, potatoes, fruits, millets etc can be grown. These soils have also been found under forest vegetation. mosttimes they found along with black soils (side by side) and also yellowness soils (red and yellow soils). uppity gravelliness, surface crust formation and susceptibility to wearing due to high slopes are some of the problems in these soils which can be overcome by adopting adequate measures. Morphologically the red soils can be divided into red loams which have a cloddy structure and cloggy soil and red earths with loose friable elevation soil rich in sesquioxide type of minerals.3. Laterites and lateritic soils Laterite is a geological term and means literally a rock. The laterites and lateritic soils have been loosely used in the uniform sense. The lateritic soils are enriched with oxides of iron and aluminium, under the conditions of high rain with alternate dry and wet periods. During rainfall silica is leached passwards and iron and aluminium oxides remains in the top layers. Laterites are usually shallow and gravelly at higher lands, precisely are rattling deep loam to clay soils in the valleys where good rice paddy crops are produced. Higher landy soils are poor in nutrient status where as lower direct soils are dark and richer in nutrients and organic matter. entirely lateritic soils are poor in calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash.They are generally well drained and porous. The soil reaction is more on the acidic side. On laterites, as already mentioned, rice is grown at lower elevations and at higher elevations, tea, coffee, cinchona, rubber and cashewnut can be grown under good soil vigilance conditions. On the whole, laterites are poor in rankness and readily respond to manuring and good cultivation. Based on the climate lateritic soils are grouped into high rainfall areas with s trongly and weakly expressed dry pacify and humid zones with pronounced dry & wet periods.4. alluvial soils Alluvial soils, cover the largest area in India (approximately 7 lakh km2) and these are the most important soils from inelegant point of view. The main features of alluvial soils have been derived as silt bankion laid down by the Indian river systems like the Indus, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the rivers like Narmada, Tapti Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery. These rivers carry the products of weathering of rocks constituting the mountains and deposit them along their path as they flow down the plain land towards the ocean. Geologically, the alluvial sediment is divided into juvenile deluge which is known as Khadar and old alluvium, as bhangar. The newer alluvium is sandy and light coloured whereas old(a) alluvium is more clayey, dark coloured and contains lime concretions. The soils have a wide range in soil characteristics viz. acid to alkaline sandy to clay, normal to saline, sodic and calcareous, shallow to very deep. The climate ranges from arid to humid sub-tropical. The following groupings of alluvial soils may be recognised alluvial soils (Khadar, bhangar and highly calcareous), deltaic alluvium, coastal alluvium, coastal sands, calcareous sierocomic and grey- brownish soils.a. Alluvial soils The alluvial soils occuring in the Indo-Gangetic plains and the Brahmaputra valley cover a large area. The soils are transported and deposited by the rivers from the parent material. The rivers are the Ganga, Jamuna, Brahmaputra and their tributaries. The soils are deep and toilsome pans in the subsoil are calcareous (made of calcium carbonate) and acidic. These are deficient in nitrogen, phosphorous and humus, but not in potash and lime. These soils are fertile amongst all the soils of India. They produce a wide configuration of crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, jute and potato. They are distributed mainly in the northern, north-western a nd north-eastern separate of our country.b. Deltaic alluvial soils They are formed from sediments carried by rivers and deposited in the mouths of rivers joining the sea. The deltas of the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery are the most important ones. In Gujarat, the deltaic alluvial soils which are sandy loam to clay loam are locally called Goradu soils. The Godavari and Krishna rivers pass through basaltic neighborhood having black soils and these soils are dark and very well textured. The Cauvery delta soils are materially clayey and Ganga delta soils show high accretion of organic matter, as in the Sunderbans of West Bengal, due to swampy vegetation. These soils are fertile and grow a wide variety of crops suited to climatic conditions.c. coastal alluvium Soils developed on coastal alluvium are found along, the sea coasts. Soils are dark coloured, coarse textured and poor in fertility. Some soils are saline due to the inundation of sea water. Such so ils in the Konkan coast of Maharashtra are called Khar soils.d. coastal sands Sandy soils occur prominently in the coastal area of Tanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, along the Kerala coast, Bapatla in Guntur distrjct of Andhra Pradesh and Puri district in Orissa. If sandy soils are not saline, plantation crops like coconut, cashew and casuarina can be taken up for cultivation.Other soils under alluvium are calcareous sierozomes and grey brown soils. Calcareous sierozomes can be seen in the emptyic share of Haryana and Punjab. The word sierozem denotes a group of soils having a brownish-grey surface horizon with a sub-layer of carbonates which is developed under merge shrub vegetation in a-temperate to cool, arid climate. Grey-brown soils as the name itself indicates its nature, can be found in, desert soils of Rajasthan.5. Desert soils In the north-western part of India, desert soils occur over an area of 0.29 million hecta,res, which includes a major part of Rajasthan, south of Ha ryana and Punjab and northern part of Gujarat. pelting ranges from less than 10 cms to 50 cms, mostly contributed during monsoon season. The vicinity consists of sand dunes and undulating sandy plains. The temperature regime is very high throughout the year and a maximum of 50-60C is recorded during summer. Due to high temperature organic-matter built up is very low. The soils in the plains are mostly derived from alluvium and are pale brown to brown to yellow brown and fine sandy to loamy fine sand and are structureless. The clay contents low and presence of alkaline earth carbonates is an important feature. The nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus makes the desert soils fertile and copious under proper moisture supply. By change magnitude the water holding capacity, the productivity of the soils can be increased which involves addition of organic matter and clay.6. Tarai soils The word tarai is a hindi word, which means moist. Thus, i is a wet regime having high water table. Tarai soils are foot hii soils and extend in strips of varying widths at the foot of Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar-Pradesh, Bihar and West-Bengal. Soils under the natural conditions are thickly vegetated and swampy. Several types of grasses and trees from the native vegetation on removal of which the soils become highly productive. The soils are formed from the materials that are washed down by the erosion of mountains. They are alluvial origin. High soil moisture content all through the year results in luxuriant vegetation dominated by tall-growing grasses. They are neutral to slightly alkaline with significant amounts of organic matter. The texture varies from sandy loam to silty loam. Generally, these soils are fertile and by providing proper drainage, the productivity can be increased.