How is subjectivity (race, class & gender) constructed and put to use Essay

How is subjectivity (race, class and sex) built and put to use through Fiesta Explain utilizing explicit models from Horton just as Gathering Up - Essay Example Subjectivity is a social mode that comes to fruition through numerous cooperations inside society. It is a procedure of individualization just as of socialization as the individual is rarely detached; rather they are unendingly captivating in associations with the world. It is formed by and shapes different things, for example, the economy and even networks. A typical impact on an individual is whereby they experience culture stun, where subjectivity of the other culture is viewed as outsider or threatening. Since society depends on bunch connections, basic implications take into consideration basic casings that they can allude to when imparting a given subject (Horton, 2010). They are gotten from every individual understanding their abstract encounters and giving numerous parts of importance. Since 1712, the occupants of Santa Fe have recollected how they were expelled in the Pueblo Revolt however figured out how to advance back. The pilgrims restored themselves and returned to their foundations. Today, La Fiesta de Santa Fe is viewed as probably the most seasoned festival in the country. Its foundations go back to when a general haggled with the Indians who involved Santa Fe to permit Spanish pioneers to return. He, being a strict man supplicated by a little rule of Virgin Mary and guaranteed that if the pioneers were permitted back, they could always remember her intervention. For some time, the guarantee was not kept up until a Lieutenant Governor mediated. The Santa Fe Fiesta, Reinvented gives another point of view to the disputable personality development of the Mexico’s Hispanos. The book cautiously focuses on the emblematic activity of the occasion and investigates sex, time, lineage and sexuality which are the premise of the social patriotism. As the Hispanos were to a great extent minoritized in the Santa Fe, their elites kept on concocting and re-make the foru social associations that

The Problems with Human Population Essay -- Carrying Capacity Humans G

The Problems with Human Population In Chapter III of The Origin of Species, Darwin expresses: Even moderate reproducing man has multiplied in a quarter century, and in light of present conditions, in a couple thousand years, there would truly not be standing space for his progeny.† (Darwin 29) Three hundred years back, the populace was distinctly at around 500 million, and during this time the populace was at a moderate increment. Another factor during this timeframe was the birth and passing rates were at a lot more elevated levels. Numerous children were conceived, however numerous additionally kicked the bucket. â€Å"Living conditions were to such an extent that a considerable lot of the rest of the youngsters neglected to get by past the period of thirty.† (Black 84) The emergency of Over Population ought not be an astonishment to anybody, right now if you somehow happened to take a gander at the world Pop clock, which is a counter bolstered by the U.S. Agency of the Census you would locate a number that has ascended from 6,367,148,920. This is the measure of individuals on earth May 8, 2004 at 8:39:47 PM; this number is continually ascending at around 8 million individuals for every month. At the current rate, the populace will increase to a point that it will maximize the earth’s conveying limit leaving people with an absence of assets and space. Before long individuals should figure out how to get by off fake assets to fill in for the failure for horticulture to keep up. â€Å"In 1950 the number of inhabitants on the planet was put at around 2,400 million, the pace of development of the total populace is more noteworthy than at any other time ever, and the progressive net increments, time frame by period, are breath-taking.† (Hertzler 9) In 1974 the United Nations held the World Population Conference at which it was resolved that an answer for the emergency was required, it was likewise concluded that all nations would make a populace strategy that would endeav or to enable the nations to manage social, financial and social turn of events. Despite the fact that the United States has an enormous populace issue to manage of its own, immature nations hold 80 percent of the universes populace and can't give strategies for conception prevention, leaving individuals no decision other than restraint. An inquiry we are compelled to pose to ourselves is: Should we help finance family arranging in underdeveloped nations, or should we leave them to battle for themselves with regards to the issue of populace control. Beside third world and immature nations, modernized countries inc... ...particle Explosion and the Natural Environment. Our Crowded Planet, Essays on the Pressures of Population. Ed. Osborn, Fairfield. first ed. Nursery City, NY: Doubleday, 1962. 71-79. Darwin, Charles G. The Law of Population Increase. Our Crowded Planet, Essays on the Pressures of Population. Ed. Osborn, Fairfield. first ed. Nursery City, NY: Doubleday, 1962. 29-35. Ehrlich, Paul R., and Anne H. Ehrlich. Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1977. Hardaway, Robert M. Populace, Law, and the Environment. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1994. Hertzler, J. O. The Crisis in World Population: A Sociological Examination, with Special Reference to the Underdeveloped Areas. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1956. Lee, Philip R. The Development of Federal Policies Related to Population Problems. The 99th Hour: The Population Crisis in the United States. Sanctuary Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967. 84-94. Overseeing Planet Earth: Perspectives on Population, Ecology, and the Law. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 1990. Sadik, Nafis. Total populace Continues to Rise. The Futurist Mar.- Apr. 1991: 9+. Questia. 11 May 2004.

How to Cite a Website

How to Cite a Website A good writer is nothing without good research. Whether you are writing about literary criticisms of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby or you are researching the effects of climate change on the arctic, it is imperative that you are looking at the right sources to give you accurate information. Its only natural that a writer would turn to the Internet to find these sources because its fast, easy, and you dont have to leave your living room or put on pants.However, writers and researchers need to be aware of the many (many) sites out there that are not well researched, well written, or have been edited for content or clarity. Because of this, writers need to have a lot of digital literacyâ€"meaning that they must pay attention and be wary when researching online. Once they have found their sources and determined them to be accurate and sufficient to put in their research, they must also know how to cite a website properly. In this new age of research that includes websites and tra ditional media like books, journals, and newspapers, its important to make sure that you have everything properly formatted per your style guide that youre using. Here are some tips and tricks to navigating and citing websites for your research.Make sure the website is citableThere has been a lot of news lately about fake news and fake information. In this digital age, its very easy to create a website, add some content, some photos, and some keywords that will give your site search engine optimization (meaning that it will go to the top of the Google search). You as the writer have to determine if the website youre reading is not only factually accurate but also whether or not its written by a credible person who is a subject matter expert. So, how do you go about doing that?There are several ways to determine whether or not the website in question is worthy of going into your paper as research. Here are a few questions to ask yourself when youre determining if its a good source.Do es the website in question have:An author? There are some articles with unknown authors that can be credible and source-worthy, but most often if a writer doesnt want to stand by their words and leave their work unsigned then you should tread lightly. Having an author on the website means that the author is willing to place their name next to their work no matter how its perceived.A credible suffix? A website suffix is what goes at the end of the url. Credible suffixes include .gov for government websites, .com for corporate websites, .edu for educational websites, and .org for nonprofit organization websites. If the website in question doesnt have one of those suffixes, then its most likely that it wasnt written by a credible source or institution. Also beware of blogs, which do have .com addresses but theyre preceded by the blog hosts name (like Wordpress or Tumblr). Though these sites can have accurate information, its likely that it wasnt edited or verified and is just simply th e authors opinion.A date? If youre looking at an article and it doesnt have a date, be wary of this source. A date will help you give you insight into what time the author or organization was writing the site and how relevant the information might be. Of course, many nonprofits or corporations dont necessarily date their individual pages that have info on them, but they should have a copyright date on their about me page or at the bottom of the home page.Good design? Though not every single website will have award-winning design, its certainly something to pay attention to. Does the site look like it was professionally done or does it look like someone used a blog platforms inherit design features? Is the font type something whimsical looking like Comic Sans or is it something more traditional like Times New Roman? These might be small details but they go into the overall credibility of the website. While youre looking at it if something seems… off then it might be.A completely un believable headline? If the title to the website has something shocking or something almost too good to be true, then it just might be. Really take a look at your sources hard and determine if this is information that you can verify elsewhere. If youre just finding this information in one source and the website in question lacks any of the other characteristics that weve noted above, it may not be credible. Try to be as discerning as possible when you are gathering information because you dont want to lead anyone astray with the facts.How to actually cite a website in your paperAs we all know, different style guides have different rules when it comes to formattingâ€"both within a paper and in the works cited or references. Depending on what style guide youre using will depend on the look and feel of the website citation. Now well go over and give examples on how to cite a website both in text and in the references section of the most popular style guides.MLAMLA gives a lot of good d etails on how to reference a website in both the reference section and an in-text citation.For the reference section you will need to gather all of the following about your source:The authors first and last nameThe title of the article or pageThe title of the websiteThe name of the publisherThe date the site was publishedThe URLHeres what that might look like:Heres a sample MLA citation.As you can see in this example, we didnt have a publisher because the ACLU acts as its own publisher. Theres no need to list it twice, in other words. In many cases if you are referencing that has no author because the corporation is the author, simply start out with the title of the article in quotations. Also note that it is not necessary to use http in the URL in the citation.When it comes to in-text citations, it all depends on what information you have about the website youre citing. If you were using the example above in a parenthetical reference then you would just write it like any other sour ce with two authors.Heres a sample MLA in-text citation.Notice that theres no need to have a page number as you normally would with a book or a journal reference (because of course there are no page numbers online). If you were citing something that had a corporate or unknown author, then just put the organization name in parenthesis. For example, if you were quoting something by the website Healthline.com, theres no need to put the entire URL of the page. Just simply put Healthline.com in parenthesis.APAThe American Psychological Association also gives us some good detail about what a website citation should look like both in text and on the references page.APA actually outlines a lot of very specific examples of how your citation should look like depending on what kind of medium it is. It gives information about online book reviews, Kindle books, data sets, online encyclopedias, YouTube videos, podcasts, and more. For more specific instructions on your source, check out the APA Ma nual.Using the same source as we did in our MLA example, heres what it would look like:Heres a sample APA citation.Its important to note that if your website has no known author, then use the organization name first in the citation. If your website or page has no known date then put (n.d.) in place of the date in the citation.Remember that when youre dealing with a website, just grab as much information about the source as you possibly can. Dont be lazy! Make sure that its that you really cannot find the authors name and not because you didnt look or make the effort to look in the right places.When it comes to in-text citations for websites in APA, stick to the conventions of their author date system.Heres a sample APA in-text citation.The in-text citations have similar rules as the reference section. If your website has no known author, put the organizations name in the parenthesis. If the website has no known published date put n.d. for no date.Chicago Manual of StyleThe Chicago M anual of Style details how it wants us to deal with websites as sources in both the bibliography and the in-text citations.Lets use the same example as we did for MLA and APA to illustrate how to use them in Chicago Manual of Style.Heres a sample Chicago Manual of Style citation.Note that if you dont have an authors last name, then just start with the title in quotation marks. If there is no known date then use the date that you accessed the website.For the in-text citations, Chicago Manual of Style uses footnotes, which are placed at the bottom of the page. The footnotes are called out with superscript numbers after the parenthetical reference and are formatted at the bottom of the page.Heres what that might look like in accordance with our example weve been using.Heres a sample Chicago Manual of Style in-text citation.Note that the footnote is flipped from the format of the bibliography in that the authors first names are first (versus last names first). Again, if you dont have th e authors name, start with the title in quotation marks. If you dont have the date, put the access date in its place.The Chicago Manual of Style does outline some specific online sources, such as how to handle the citation style of blogs, emails, and podcasts. For more information on that be sure to check out the 16th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style.Use a variety of sourcesIn this article weve examined how to determine if a website is credible, and how to handle the citation once you figure out that it is. In this new electronic era of research its important to know how to use websites in our writing in the best possible way. Luckily, learning how to cite websites and other electronic resources are the most difficult to learn. Once you master how to do these, its easier to write other citations like books or journals.Its also important to note here that its good to diversify your research. Dont simply just rely on Internet sources because theyre the easiest to find. You never know what could be waiting for you at the library in the periodicals area or in the stacks. Its always best to go through a whole slew of research and writing before you actually sit down to write your findings. If youre unsure of how to locate a resource, be sure to ask your librarian or a teacher to assist you.

Cervical cytology Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Important areas of current debate regarding the cervical screening policies in the UK involve the question of the age at which screening should commence and the impact of the screening programme and clinical advances in the prevention and detection of cervical carcinoma that require the attention of policymakers, health professionals and women of all ages.    NHSCSP guidelines for cervical screening eligibility      The National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme (NHSCSP) was  established in the 1980s to provide eligibility rules and guidelines to encourage cervical cancer screening in the UK (Cervical Screening Programme UK NHS 2006). The guidelines were revised in 2003 to include newer recommendations about appropriate screening intervals and age eligibility requirements to access the free testing service in the UK. Most significantly, the age of initial screening was significantly increased from 20 years to 25 years which has provoked an ongoing controversy regarding the appropriateness of the change in age eligibility for cervical screening. Research data cited by the NHS indicate that cervical screening has a very positive effect in reducing the incidence of cervical carcinoma in women of every age group. We will write a custom essay sample on Cervical cytology or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now These recent statistics published in 2003 show that 3 year screening programmes produced a decreased occurrence in women aged 20-39 by 39%, women aged 40-64 by 69% and women 55-69 years by 73%. These encouraging statistics suggest that routine screening in all age groups could produce further significant reductions in the incidence of this very common gynecological cancer. Epidemiological evidence suggests that 80% screening rates could be expected to produce a 95% decrease in the incidence of cervical carcinoma. 2006-7 screening rates in UK were estimated at 79%, representing a drop below 1990 statistics which has prompted concern in the medical community. Epidemiological data suggest that cervical screening prevents approximately 4500 deaths per year in the UK with an estimated cost savings of  £18,000 per cancer. Screening programme costs and the cost of treating patients with cervical cancer are currently estimated at  £157 million per year.    Significance of age restrictions in cervical screening      For millions of women worldwide, the cervical screening tests remain the only available option for the prevention and early detection of cervical carcinoma. Unlike the current policy of the NHS, many advisories world-wide recommend that cervical screening be made available to women beginning at age 20 (Rieck 2005).

Essay about Was Truman Responsible for the Cold War

â€Å"Was Truman Responsible for the Cold War†, well, according to author Arnold A. Offner, his simplistic answer is an obvious â€Å"yes.† â€Å"Taking Sides† is a controversial aspect of the author’s interpretation for justifying his position and perception of â€Å"Truman’s† actions. This political approach is situated around the â€Å"Cold War† era in which the author scrutinizes, delineates, and ridicules his opponents by claiming â€Å"I have an ace in the hole and one showing† (SoRelle 313). Both authors provide the readers with intuitive perceptions for their argumentative approaches in justifying whether or not â€Å"Truman† contributed to the onset of the â€Å"Cold War.† Thus far, it would be hard-pressed to blame one single individual, President or not, for the†¦show more content†¦It is evident that two countries were primed for conflict, however, which side ignited the first initial blow , resulting and inflicting the ideology of War†. Arnold A Offner Author Arnold A. Offner argues that President Harry S. Truman was unwavering in his nationalist approach whose limited vision of foreign affairs included absent negotiations with the Russians over cold war issues. Furthermore, Mr. Offner describes former President Truman as a â€Å"parochial nationalist† which leads the reader to believe that Truman was a discriminative uncooperative policy negotiator. In the continued effort to effectively convince his supporters, Author Arnold A. Offner reverts to Truman’s characteristics, proposal prejudice, and undermining arrogance as he saturates this chapter with Truman’s neglectful act of â€Å"cooperation† and â€Å"misleading Presidential guidance.† To future ensure credibility of his position and substantiating his claim, Mr. Offner discredits his critics by pointing out internal acts of ignorance to his own cabinets members suggestions, thus, proving a view of uncooperative manners. Although Mr. Offner m akes a substantiating claim, many would find it difficult that a single person, during that era, could provoke two nations into â€Å"War.† Offner argues that Trumans unsophisticated and confrontational approach to forging policy creation made the Cold War longer, meaner, and more expensive than necessary (Offner).Show MoreRelatedWas President Truman Responsible for the Cold War? Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Harry Truman came into office right at the end of World War II, after the death of President Franklin Roosevelt. Almost immediately after becoming president, Truman learned of the Manhattan Project, and had to decide whether or not to use the atomic bomb. With the advice of James Byrnes, Secretary of State, Truman decided to drop two atomic bombs on Japan, in part to demonstrate America’s power to the world and gain a political advantage in Europe (Offner 294). After World War II ended, thereRead MoreTaking a Look at the Cold War1237 Words   |  5 Pagescovering is the Cold War and question number six. The Roosevelt Administration was determined to avoid a retreat like the one that followed WWI . The United States itself had sole possession of the atomic bomb. The United States goal was to expand democracy. America saw that there needed to be global economic reconstruction. The Soviets looked to model the rest of the world after their own values and origins. It indeed had to do with Soviet Expansion. The Russians didn’t want to go to war with the UnitedRead MoreTruman Doctrine And The Cold War1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was one of the most peculiar occurrences in human history, which endured almost fifty years and all those years was the dominant characteristic of international relations. It was a period of indirect confrontation between two, at the time(1945-1989), most powerfull countries in the world- the Soviet Union and the United States of America. However, there is no exact and precise date of the beginning of the war, as it started gradually, with the contribution of many different causes.Read MoreTo What Extent Was the United States of Americ a Responsible for the Collapse of the Grand Alliance?1727 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent was the United States of America responsible for the collapse of the Grand Alliance? A capitalist state, a Communist state and a colonial power all joined power during World War II and formed the Grand Alliance. The United Stated which was led by Franklin Roosevelt, the Soviet Union which was led by Joseph Stalin and Great Britain which was led by Winston Churchill united powers as they all shared one main objective. The three leaders were famously known as the big three, they allRead MoreThe Cold War Of 1945-19911660 Words   |  7 Pages Western Europe, Japan grew in prosperity after World War II ended. The United States became the world’s wealthiest and most powerful country. These democracies rivaled the United States economically. The United States and the Soviet Union had many differences that didn’t cause a full fled war, but a quiet, propaganda and secretive filled war that pushed both to the edge. This was known as the Cold War of 1945-1991. The main causes of the war were sphere of influence, Ideology, and military factorsRead MoreThe Cold Wa r During World War II Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was the name given to the non-aggressive conflict between The United States and Russia that began after World War II. However, there is disagreement over the exact dates of the Cold War. Nevertheless, it took place somewhere between the end of World War II and the early 1989 (Wendt n.d). The Cold War brought about a number of crises in the decades that it lasted. These crises include: Vietnam, the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold War itself was the result of the UnitedRead MoreCauses of the Cold War Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesfear, greed and revenge were the major factors that caused the Cold War† How far do you agree with this statement when analyzing the causes of the Cold War up to 1949? The responsibility of the origins of the Cold War often triggers questions among historians yet both powers should be blamed for taking part in it. The origins of the Cold War can often be associated with fear, greed and revenge. Through most analyses, the fault was often given to Stalin’s ambitions to expand communism in EuropeRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II854 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a major event in the U.S. and Soviet Union’s history. The main reason that these two countries entered into the Cold War after World War II was power. The USSR and United States had two very different perspectives on power coming out of World War II. This disagreement ultimately caused the Cold War. Russia’s perspective after World War II was influenced by Joseph Stalin. Stalin, the leader of the USSR at the time, was a merciless dictator. His main concern was maintaining power andRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesDuring World War II, the United States, Britain, and Russia all worked together to take down Hitler. Although after the war, the coordination between the U.S. and Russia became extremely tense which inevitably lead to the Cold War. The U.S. was worried that Russia would spread communism after World War II. Russia was concerned with the U.S. arms increase and intervention in international affairs. The distrust between the two nations resulted in the Cold war which lasted until 1991. In 1946, WinstonRead MoreEssay on Cold war responsibility585 Words   |  3 Pages Activity #4 – Essay â€Å"Truman was more responsible for the Cold War than Stalin was.† President Truman was convinced from the beginning that Stalin intended to take over countries based solely by the fact that there were communist parties present in them. France, Italy and even China, are perfect examples of this. And in the Greek civil war it wasn’t the USSR that was giving aid to the communists, it was Yugoslavia. It was obvious that Stalin had no major plans for any kind of global communist

Sociology Essay Impact of Heroin on Families Free Essays

string(53) " illegal drugs in UK market stand at \?5bn annually\." EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In today’s global world, there has been rising cases of drug abuse. Illicit use of Opiates, especially heroin has dominated most parts of the world with more than 281,000 heroin users in England and more than 50,000 drug users in Scotland. UK currently has the highest the rates of illicit drug use in the European Union (Setdon, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Essay: Impact of Heroin on Families or any similar topic only for you Order Now Research conducted in the past has been focused on the causes and consequences of heroin abuse primarily from the standpoint of the addict. There has been a scant coverage on the policy framework with regard to drug abuse. It is thus worth exploring on this menacing drug in quest to look for ways and means of eradicating it. As such, this paper involves an analysis of heroin and its impact on the families. The paper further provides an in depth view on the policy developments with evidence to back the claims. 1Introduction A delve on heroin would be incomplete without exploring its historical background. The passing of the 1914 Harrison Act in US banned the use of cocaine and opiates. After the passing of the act, regular users in US switched to heroin, which at the time was not regulated by this Act. This drug was not considered addictive for quite sometime. In the mid 1920s, intravenous injection of heroin became popular but was later banned by the US government. While in UK, emergency drug controls were introduced under the wartime defense of the realm act in 1916. Opiates were not its main concern. However, the Dangerous Act of 1920 made possession of opiates and cocaine’s illegal unless prescribed by the doctor. Global problems of illicit drugs pose various challenges to the international community. Heroin in particular can be detrimental to the life of the community. Despite the growing concern on illicit drug use, it is striking to note that the current drug policies are inadequate. Lack of adequate approaches and models to guide policy makers is a major hindrance to solving the drug menace. 2Literature review According to Hunt (1974), heroin is associated with epidemics. The notion of the drug epidemics stem from the fact that drug use is a learned behaviour transmitted from person to person. Western countries have experienced one discrete heroin epidemic. For example, studies have shown that United States and Netherlands experienced the epidemic of heroin use in the late 1960’s and since then each country has had moderate levels of initiation. Nordt Stohler (2006) has particularly shown this with regard to Zurich which underwent a major epidemic in 1995. Studies for UK by Parker Egginton (1998), showed two epidemics prevalent in 1980’s and 1990’s. De Angelis et al (2004) studied the prevalence of heroin addiction in UK while using sophisticated modelling techniques and found that the prevalence of heroin addiction in the UK grew from 1968 to 2000, with rapid growth in the 1990’s. Frischer Ditton (2001) analyzed the drug prevalence for Glasgow that showed a high incidence of heroin injection from 1985 to 1995. The drug menace is still prominent in most areas around the globe. Research studies have not fully explored on the impacts of such continuing trends. Furthermore, explanations offered are opportunistic and still not well integrated. What is most striking is that the socio-economic effects of opiate use have not been fully reflected in the public domain or policy discourse. 3Analysis 3.1 Impact of heroin use on the family Heroin is a dangerous illicit drug that has devastating effects on the user and the wider community. Research studies on various countries have shown a very high level of consistency in the adverse effects associated with heroin use. The problems facing the families of the drug users are diverse and complex. McDonald et al (2002) summarized these problems by highlighting four key areas. These are: physical and psychological impacts, financial and employment effects and wider societal impacts. 3.1.1 Physical and psychological impacts The findings from various studies have indicated serious dire consequences on the physical and psychological well being of the family members. Heroin use in most families in the UK often leads to heightened negative emotions that result in contradictory feelings towards the user. This contributes to stress hence resulting in higher physical and psychological morbidity of the family members. Studies by Copollo et al (2000) suggests that every drug user in the UK will in most cases have a significant negative impact on the wellbeing of one of the members of the family. Echoing the findings from Copollo et al (2000), Bernard (2005) found that parents and siblings experience anxiety which is greatly compounded by the sense of being powerless when coping with the effect of these drugs in their lives. 3.1.2 Financial and employment effects Studies have further revealed that financial pressures on families often stem from various factors linked to drug use. These include the treatment cost, repaying and remedying theft on the part of the user. Also heroin use has been associated with the vicious cycle of poverty. 3.1.3 Impact on wider social life of family members Generally, opiate use often results in the wider social life of the family members becoming circumscribed by social isolation and withdrawal by trying to conceal the problem. Frequently, this drug menace leads to deterioration in family relationships which is exacerbated by increased risk of domestic violence. Conflicts and tensions on the part of those coping with drug users lead to marital and family break up (Seddon, 2000). Consequently, this drug menace is often associated with crime. Unsurprisingly, a vast number of users turn to a life of crime in an attempt to fuel their addiction to the illegal opiate. There is strong evidence that problematic use of illicit drugs, notably cocaine and heroin, is responsible for amplifying offending behavior. The drug use is associated with acquisitive crime such as burglary and shoplifting. According to a report by the UK drug policy commission, the current value of illegal drugs in UK market stand at ?5bn annually. You read "Sociology Essay: Impact of Heroin on Families" in category "Essay examples" In England and Wales, it is estimated that the drug related crime costs roughly around 13.5 billion pounds. Studies by the Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit (2003) have invariably indicated heroin and cocaine to be of greater influence on crime levels than Cannabis. Despite the rapid expansion of cannabis market in the UK, it is surprising to see heroin and cocaine extremely influential in fueling the crime levels (Bancroft et al, 2002).Clearly, there is urgent need for interventions to be put in place to solve this drug menace. While most of these adverse effects derive directly from opiate use and the associated behaviours, there are other external factors contributing to stress in the drug users families. Three such stressors are common in UK. The first stressor is the stigma associated with heroin use. Stigma adds significantly to the stress levels and further inhibits parents from seeking help. The second stressor stems from lack of available information. Copollo (2000) provides evidence on lack of information being an important contributor to the stress levels experienced by these families. While McDonald et al (2002) argue that much of the available information is from questionable sources like the media. Last but not the least is the treatment system for the user. While treatment may be available, most families coping with opiate misuse have indicated high levels of dissatisfaction with the treatment system. Much criticism has been on the long waiting lists for treatment which often result in frustration. 4Policy responses Over the past few years, the UK drug policy has focused on four key areas namely: prevention of drug use, supply reduction, treatment of problematic drug users and enforcement of drug laws. 4.1 Supply reduction While the British drug policy has emphasized increasing drug seizures in an attempt to reduce the supply of illicit drugs into the market, research by PMSU (2003) has revealed that this policy approach would not make any significant difference in drug availability in the market. In the 2002 Drug Strategy Update, amendments were made by the government to include reduction of available drugs through increased seizures. As initially predicted, increased seizures have not reduced the availability of drugs in the market. More recent reports have indicated heroin to be selling at around ?54 per gram while a two-tier market for cocaine has developed with a selling price of ?50 per gram. Despite the fall in prices, drug selling still remains an attractive activity. The policy on supply reduction clearly doesn’t work effectively 4.2 Enforcement of drug laws The government has been responsive on reducing drug related crimes through disruption of the drug market and arrest of the drug dealers and users. Little evidence is however available that targeting retailers and distributors of illicit drugs would lead to substantial reduction in drug use. Available studies in UK have indicated that the crackdowns often result in changes rather than reduction in drug use (SOURCE). 4.3 Prevention of drug use For sometime now, it has been argued that drug use and the associated crimes may be reduced through prevention (SOURCE). While this holds true, little evidence is available to prove these claims. Moreover, the impacts of prevention programmes tend to be small. Current evidence on drug prevention by Godfrettson et al (2002) shows that it is difficult to apply evidence of prevention on best practice. 4.4 Treatment of problematic users Treatment of drug addiction has its roots in the US penal system. Recently, there has been increased focus of putting treatment of addiction in the context of criminal justice system. In line with the rapid expansion of treatment, various criminal justice system initiatives have been developed such as the Drug Abstinence Requirement, Criminal Justice Intervention Programme, Drug Treatment and Testing Order among others. These initiatives derive their basis from the notion that drug treatment reduces offences. Available evidence has proved this notion to be true. It should however be noted that while treatment can be effective for cocaine and crack users, engaging and retaining the users of heroin is much harder. 5Various interests involved The frequent use and widespread availability of drugs sets the stage for potential abuse among the users which is the main burden facing the society. Below are some of the various interests involved. 5.1 Financial constraint Problematic use of drugs poses financial constraints on the economy of a country and the world at large. For example, $23.5 million was the projected estimate for the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice fund and the United Nations International Drug Control Programme fund in the annual period of 2010. However, the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and the Commission on Narcotics’ Drug approved a general budget of $21.8 million for both funds (Godfrey, Stewart Gossop, 2010). The approved budget is far below the projected estimate and this affect the various provisions and undermines the effort of combating drug related crimes. Clearly, there is urgent need for measures to be taken by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime towards addressing these financial challenges. 5.2 Drug service user groups These user groups are fundamental in developing user involvement. The groups provide access to expert opinion and solidarity to the users (Eaton, 2007).While these user groups are critical in user involvement, studies have shown that they provide only a partial solution to the challenge of developing user involvement. Moreover, there is proof of evidence of conflict between the agency and user expectations. Such problems arise due to the inability of drug users to form effective groups. 6 Approaches to the policy framework It is high time to rethink of our existing drug control laws. Policy makers need to develop a new constitution for drug control. Research collaboration must be set up to look at new approaches to drug control by reviewing international approaches and joining forces with experts from drug enforcement, medicine control, regulation, public and trading standards. Instead of advocating for war on drugs, a new drug policy needs to be put in place that calls for the management of the problem. The legal, economic and political complexity of managing drug problems is a clue to what must replace the drug prohibition approach. The policy however cannot be revised by independently focusing on the criminal justice and correctional system. Care of addicts, especially opiate addicts need to be placed in the hands of private physicians and not the police. While drug treatment has proved to be the best way of tackling drug related crimes and reducing drug use, it should be noted that treatment is only the beginning and not an end in itself. There is need for a wider support for it to be effective. Therefore, a new drug strategy must be developed with focus on recovery. Besides treating their dependence, this approach reintegrates them into the family and makes them productive members of the society. Taking a recovery based approach to drug policy is perhaps the best method of combating this social vice. 7Conclusion From the findings above, it can be concluded that the impact of heroin abuse on the family and wider society is immense. From a policy standpoint, there is need for development new tentative policies. Appropriate approaches and models must be developed to guide policy makers in incorporating drug issues in the policy framework. (2,203 words) 8References Hunt. L.G. (1974), Recent Spread of Heroin Use in the United States, American Journal of Public Health Affairs, Vol 74: pp.16–23. Nordt, C. Stohler.R (2006), Incidence of Heroin Use in Zurich, Switzerland; a Treatment Case Register Analysis,’ The Lancet 367: 1830–4. Parker, H. Egginton.R (undated), Managing Local Heroin–Crack Problems, Manchester University De Angelis. D., Hickman.M. Yang.S (2004), Estimating Long-term Trends in the Incidence and Prevalence of Opiate Use/Injecting Drug use and Number of Former Users, American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 160: pp.994–1004 Ditton, J. Frischer.M (2001), Computerised Projection of Future Heroin Epidemics: A Necessity for the 21st Century, Journal of Substance Use and Abuse Vol 36, pp.151–66 McDonald, D., Russell, P., Bland, N., Morrison, A., De la Cruz. C. (2002), Supporting families and careers of drug users: A review, Scottish Executive – Effective Interventions Unit Copollo (2000), Responding to addiction in the family: Natural and assisted change in coping behavior, University of Birmingham, Unpublished PhD thesis Barnard, M. (2005), Drugs in the Family: The Impact on Parents and Siblings, London PMSU (2003) SU Drugs Report. Phase 1 report: Understanding the issues, London: Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit Godfrettson. C., G. Eaton, C. McDougall Culyer. A. (2002), The Economic and Social Costs of Class A Drug use in England and Wales, Home Office Research Study 249, London: Home Office Seddon.T (2008), Youth, heroin, crack: a review of recent British trends, University of Manchester, vol 108, pp 237-248 Seddon, T. (2000), Explaining the Drug–Crime Link: Theoretical, Policy and Research Issues, Journal of Social Policy 29(1): 95–107 Bancroft, A., Carty, A., Cunningham-Burley, S. Backett-Milburn, K. (2002), Support for the families of drug users: A review of the Literature, Scottish Executive – Effective Interventions Unit Eaton. G., Davies.C, English.L, Lodwick.A, Bellis.M.A McVeigh.J. (2007), United Kingdom Drug Situation: Annual Report to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, London. Godfrey.C., Stewart.D Gossop.M (2010), Economic analysis of costs and consequences of the treatment of drug misuse: 2-year outcome data from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS), Vol 99, pp.697–707. How to cite Sociology Essay: Impact of Heroin on Families, Essay examples

Segment Reporting free essay sample

Segment reporting is when a company provides reporting of the operating segments of the company in the disclosures accompanying its financial statements (What is segment, 2011). Segment reporting is required for publicly held entities but is not required for privately held entities (What is segment, 2011). Under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), an operating segment will engage in business activities from which the segment may earn revenue or incur expenses, has discrete financial information available, and whose results are regularly reviewed by the entity’s chief operating decision maker for performance assessment and resource allocation decisions (What is segment, 2011). Segment reporting is useful because it helps make the profits and risk situations of the segments of an entity more transparent for the stakeholders. There are a different set of accounting standards within different countries, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) believes that the ideal outcome of cooperative international accounting standard-setting efforts would be the worldwide use of a single set of high-quality accounting standards for both domestic and cross-border financial reporting, currently there is no single set of high-quality international accounting standards that is accepted in all capital markets (Overview of FASB’s, n. We will write a custom essay sample on Segment Reporting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . ). Implementing an international set of accounting standards will set the same standards for everyone to follow and companies outside the U. S. will not have to reconcile their reports to meet the U. S. accounting standards. Currently there is a set of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). They have released IAS 14 which the objective is to establish principles for reporting financial information by line of business and by geographical area, or segment reporting (IAS 14, 2011). Chinese accounting standards has issued Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises (ASBE) 35 which requires one basis of segmentation to be primary and the other to be secondary, with considerably less information required to be disclosed for the secondary segment (China’s New Accounting, 2006). The ASBE are new accounting and auditing standards and is substantially in line with IFRS but has minor modifications that reflect China’s unique circumstances and economic situation (Accounting in China, 2009). The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has published IFRS 8, Operating Segments, which supersedes IAS 14 and closely resembles FASB Statement no. 131 (Epstein Jermakowicz, 2009). There is a difference between China’s ASBE 35 and IFRS 8, IFRS 8 only applies to the published financial statements of enterprises whose equity or debt securities are publicly traded and enterprises that are in the process of issuing equity or debt securities in public securities markets while ASBE 35 requires an enterprise which has different operations or operates in different geographical areas to provide segment information (China’s new Accounting, 2006). ? References Epstein, B. J. , Jermakowicz, E. K. (2009, April). IFRS converges to U. S. GAAP on segment reporting. Retrieved July 24, 2011, from http://www. journalofaccountancy. com/Issues/2009/Apr/20081008. htm Accounting in China. (2009, May). Retrieved July 23, 2011, from http://portal. lacaixa. es/StaticFiles/StaticFiles/6d3edbd6ef266110VgnVCM1000000e8cf10aRCRD/es/cuentas. pdf China’s new accounting standards: A comparison with current PRC GAAP and IFRS. (2006, August). Retrieved July 25, 2011, from http://www. iasplus. com/dttpubs/0607prcifrsenglish. pdf IAS 14 segment reporting. (2011). Retrieved July 23, 2011, from http://www. iasplus. com/standard/ias14. htm Overview of FASB’s international activities. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 23, 2011, from http://www. fasb. org/intl/index. shtml What is segment reporting? (2011, April 7). Retrieved July 24, 2011, from http://www. accountingtools. com/questions-and-answers/what-is-segment-reporting. html

Biology Essay Essay Research Paper Review the free essay sample

Biology Essay Essay, Research Paper Review the major evolutionary versions which are responsible for the successful radiation and proliferation of the Mullusca, the Annelida, and the Arthropoda into assorted home grounds. Some of the features of mollusk are: bilaterally symmetrical for the most portion but in some there is bilateral dissymmetry, the organic structure is nonsegmental and normally has a definite caput, the ventral organic structure wall specialized as a muscular pes which provides a agency for motive power, the dorsal organic structure wall forms the mantle which encloses the mantle pit, so is modified into gills or a lung, and secretes the shell, but in some the shell is absent, the surface epithelial tissue normally ciliated and has mucose secretory organs and centripetal nervus terminations, celom is normally limited to an country around the bosom. The Mollusca have a complex digestive system with the anus normally emptying into the mantle pit. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Essay Essay Research Paper Review the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is besides present an unfastened circulatory system ( closed in cephalopods ) which has a bosom, blood vass, and fistulas. Gas is exchanged by the manner of gills, lungs, mantle, or the organic structure surface, kidneys are present. The nervous system is mated intellectual, pleural, pedal, and splanchnic ganglia, with nervus cords and subepidermal rete, ganglia centralized in nervus ring in polyplacophorans, univalves, and cephalopods. The senses of touch, odor, gustatory sensation, equilibrium, and vision are besides good developed. In some such as the Gastropoda and the Bivalvia they have really strong shells which provide good protection from marauders. The Gastropoda is the largest and most diverse among the mollusk. Some of which are snails, bullets, conchs, limpets, and whelks. They range from a marine environment to the extremely evolved air-breathing snails and bullets. Gastropods are normally sulky because most of them have heavy shells and slow locomotor variety mea ts. Although the animate beings are bilaterally symmetrical, because of tortuosity ( a evolutionary distortion procedure ) the organic structure mass has become asymmetrical. During this tortuosity procedure the anus had gotten placed right over the gills which causes a job called fouling ( waste enters the gills ) , modern versions have allowed for H2O to be brought in through the left side and out the right transporting waste with it. The bivalvias consist of such animate beings as boodles, crenations, oysters, and teredinids. Most are sedentary suspension feeders that rely on a current provided by the gills to convey nutrient in to the oral cavity. Most of these animate beings are marine but they are besides found in brackish H2O and in watercourses, pools, and lakes. The carnal bears two shells that have a flexible joint to let them to open and near. There motive power is provided by a slender muscular pes between the valves. In most the pes is used for tunneling but the oysters attach their shells to a surface by releasing cement, and the mussels attach themselves by releasing a many slender byssal togss. There is a incurrent and excurrent that flows across the whole animate being with both gaps located at the same terminal. The oral cavity is located at the opposite terminal inside the shell which merely gets clean, filtered nutrient. The most interesting of the Mollusca is the category Cephalopoda. All are marine, and all are active marauders. Most swim by throw outing H2O from the mantle pit through a ventral funnel. To command way, the funnel can be turned frontward or rearward and the force of H2O ejection determines velocity. The nuclear submarine has gas filled Chamberss that keep the shell unsloped but can still travel reasonably fast. The Octopuses can swim utilizing their H2O jets but are better adapted to creeping about and on stones and coral. These animate beings have a particular pigment cell called chromatophores in the tegument which by sp read outing and undertaking produce colour alterations for protection and coupling. Strong beaklike jaws can hold on the quarry and the radula tears off pieces of flesh. The Annelida or segmented worms, have bilateral symmetricalness, a nervous system with a dual ventral nervus cord and a brace of ganglia with sidelong nervousnesss in each somite, encephalon, a brace of dorsal intellectual ganglia with conjunctions to cord, centripetal system of haptic variety meats, gustatory sensation buds, statocysts, photoreceptor cells, and eyes with lenses. The blood system is closed and segmentally arranged respiratory pigments frequently present, the digestive system is complete and non metamerically arranged. The annelid organic structure usually has a caput, a metameric organic structure, and a terminal part bearing the anus. The organic structure wall is made up of strong handbill and longitudinal musculuss adapted for swimming, creep, and burrowing and is covered with epidermin and a thi n outer bed of nonchitinous cuticle. The hydrostatic ( fluid filled ) skeleton is really practical because it allows the worms to spread out and contract the whole organic structure to let motive power. The Polychaeta are the largest category of segmented worms. The caput is really noticeable and is called the prostomium, which could be retractable, normally bears eyes, aerial, and centripetal palps. The atoke is the Anterior, nonreproductive portion of a marine polychete, the Epitoke is the buttocks, generative portion during the coupling season. Some of the polychetes are free-moving oceanic signifiers, some are active burrowers and sycophants, and some are sedentary, populating in tubings or tunnels that they seldom leave For the tubing and tunnel inhabitants they are particle feeders and utilize ciliary or mucoid methods of acquiring nutrient. The category of Oligochaeta consist of angleworms and the similar, most live in fresh H2O and take the same long slender signifier that the angleworm does. They have a ill developed caput and are hermaphroditic ( both sex ) and exchange sperm during sexual intercourse, The worms extend their anterior terminals and they are held together via a mucous secretion secreted by the clitellum and by particular bentral satae, which penetrate each others organic structures in the parts of contact. Seta are used to grip and there are 4 braces. When one is lost it is replaced by a new one. Earthworms live resistance and come out at dark to feed on rotten organic affair. The nutrient and soil fundamentally passes directly through the digestive path in the organic structure and is filtered by fans. The unwanted soil is deposited at the terminal of the worm. The category Hirudinea consist of Leeches totaling over 500 species and are found largely on fresh H2O home grounds, but a few are marine. The y have a fixed figure of sections which is normally 34 and hold both anterior and posterior chumps. They do non hold a parapodia or any satae. The celom has become filled with connective tissue and musculus which has an inauspicious consequence on the map of the hydrostatic skeleton. Many bloodsuckers are carnivores and acquire their nutrient by sucking the blood of their pray. Blood sucking leecheds secrete an decoagulant in their spit to maintain the blood from indurating. The arthropods are found in all types of environments and are really good adapted to each. Some features include bilateral symmetricalness, jointed extremities, a caput thorax, and venters or cephalothorax and venters, an exoskeleton of cuticle which is invariably turning and casting, complete digestive system with mouthparts modified from extremities and adapted for different methods of eating, circulatory system that is an unfastened system with dorsal contractile bosom, arterias and hemocoel, respiration by o rganic structure surface, gills, windpipe, or book lungs, Sexes normally separate, with mated generative variety meats and canals which normally internal fertilisation, oviparous or ovoviviparous, frequently with metabolism, Parthenogenesis in a few signifiers, growing with molt. Nervous system of annelid program, with dorsal encephalon connected by a ring around the esophagus to a dual nervus concatenation of ventral ganglia, merger of ganglia in some species, good developed centripetal variety meats. The order Araneae or spiders are Predacious and provender largely on insects. The spiders breathe by the usage of book lungs or windpipe or both, book lungs are alone to spiders and consist of many parallel air pockets widening into a blood filled chamber. Air enters the chamber through a slit in the organic structure wall. The spiders use centripetal setae which are hair like detectors all over the organic structure, every seta on its surface is used to pass on some information about the milieus, air currents, or alteration in the tenseness in the spider s web. The spiders have a alone excretory system of malpighian tubules that fundamentally recycle waste stuffs acquiring rid of merely uric acid, by making this it allows the spider to last in a really dry clime. The spiders vision is hapless and it has eight simple eyes which provide images of merely traveling objects. The order Acari which are ticks and touchs differ from all other arachnoids by holding their venters and cephalothorax wholly fused. They are found about everyplace with over 25,000 species described. The category Masacostraca is the largest category of Crustacea and has great diverseness. The bole of malacostracans normally has eight thoracic and six abdominal metameres, each with a brace of extremities. There are many Marine and fresh water species including different sorts of pediculosis pubiss, fleas, land bugs, and runt. The category Insecta which are insects are the most legion of the arth ropods. There are more species of insects than of all other categories of animate beings combined. Insects have three braces of legs and normally two braces of wings. Insects are found everyplace even in the most utmost clime. Their tagamata are the caput, thorax, and venters. The caput normally has compound eyes, a brace of aerial, and normally three simple eye. The oral cavity has often a labrum, lower jaws and upper jaw, a labium and a tonguelike hypopharynx, but the type of oral cavity parts depends on the type of feeding it does. The thorax is composed of three metameres: prothorax mesothorax, and metathorax, each eight a brace of legs. And in most the mesothorax and metathorax both have a brace of wings. The legs of insects are modified for a particular intent depending on the environment and life style. Wingss come in two different manners: direct flight musculuss are attached to a portion of the flying itself, and indirect flight musculuss are non attached to the wing and ca use flying motion by changing the form of the thorax. 322

Earth Views essays

Earth Views essays The movie Gladiator is an epic tale of a Roman general who is betrayed by the Roman government who kills his family under the leadership by a corrupt Roman prince who is turned king, the roman general comes back as a gladiator to seek revenge on the prince turned king. The movie which was made in 2000 stars Russell Crowe as the Roman general Maximus, Joaquin Phoenix as Comodus the prince turned king and Oliver Reed as Proximo the generals kind servant along with a whole list of other characters. The main plot of the story is Maximus, the most-trusted general serving the aging Caesar Marcus Aurelius leading troops into battle against Germania in 180 A.D. But Marcus Aurelius wants Maximus to fight a tougher opponent.. the corruption of Rome, by taking power after the emperor's death and restoring Rome to a republic. Maximus is reluctant, preferring to return to his wife and son, but he agrees to serve his Caesar. But his Caesar doesn't last too long, thanks to Marcus Aurelius' son Commodus who kills his Dad and takes the throne and orders Maximus and his family executed. Maximus escapes, only to be captured by slave traders who train him as a gladiator. Maximus gets a chance at revenge on Commodus when he goes to Rome as a gladiator at the Coliseum. Maximus is a hit with the crowd, setting him against Commodus in a battle for the hearts and minds of Rome. The three main themes in my opinion are as follows: The king wanting to oppoint Maximus as the king, but the king son finds out about it and then kills his father to become king and kills the generals family. Another main theme about the movie is the Princess, the new kings daughter falling in love with the hero but the general didnt fall in love with her, and lastly the last big theme of the movie was the new king making up the big Gladiator event where at the end of the games he gets killed by Maximus and Rome is turned into a ...

Future Employment and Graduate Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Future Employment and Graduate Studies - Essay Example Contact Information (address, phone #, website, email): Reply to advertisement at http://www.careerbuilder.com/JobSeeker/Jobs/JobDetails.aspx?APath=2.21.0.0.0&job_did=JHV7YS6WRQRM5GPSH97&sc_cmp1=js_jrp_jobclick&IPath=JRKV0C Our trans-disciplinary teams in Early Childhood Services provide treatment and support to over 1,000 families each year through our community and home-based services. Trans-disciplinary teams may include Educators, Social Workers, Nurses and Speech, Physical, and Occupational Therapists   Job Description: evaluation and monitoring of children to determine physical and mental development. These professionals document activities and record information, track progress and formulate individual therapy plans. Child development specialists also work with a child’s parents to evaluate their ability to carry out the therapy plan. They may interact with parents one-on-one or in group settings. Providing counseling and bringing groups of parents together for mutual emotional support are important aspects of the child development specialist’s job. Contact Information (address, phone #, website, email): reply to advertisement at http://careers.nyp.org/new-york-jobs/Child-Life-Specialist-Masters/709363?nt=1&bid=&utm_source=Simply-Hired&utm_medium=SEM/PPC&utm_content=NY-70855&utm_campaign=Professional-Management Work with families and/or children. Employers include cooperative extension; non-profit and private agencies; faith-based organizations; consumer and business agencies and organizations; and federal, state, and local government. Program focus in Child & Family Studies or in closely related fields such as s in social work, counseling, and marriage and family therapy. Name of Program and Focus: Master of Education Curriculum and Instruction – Early Childhood Education. Guides students to extend their pursuit of excellence as teachers of young

Third World Country Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Third World Country - Research Paper Example This paper will focus on the developments that have occurred in India in society, politics as well as economics since the year 2000. Body During the period of 2000, the total population of India exceeded 1 billion, and during this year both the US and India’s foreign relations strengthened when the President of US visited India (Hardgrave, 2008, p.17). Later in 2001, the Presidents of two conflicting countries, India and Pakistan, met, but this meeting ended up without any positive outcomes. Later, the ruling party in India experienced setbacks due to the political scandals associated with them and their intelligence failures during the Kargil War with Pakistan. After September 11 attacks on the US, the ties between India and the US further strengthened as the US removed its sanctions due to the support India was providing to help them fight the war on terrorism (Hardgrave, 2008, p.180). By 2002, the political scenario of India had worsened due to events such as killing of Hin du pilgrims in the region of Ayodhya (Hardgrave, 2008, p.80). Later, during the year 2003, India started experiencing ample amount of political stability as its connections with it conflicting nation, Pakistan, started to move towards a positive path. During 2004, elections were held, and the alliance that was led by the Congress Party entered the government with Manmohan Singh becoming the Prime Minister, who continued to privatize India (Hardgrave, 2008, p.117). The privatization process came to a standstill as the communist and the socialist parties stood against this move. During the same year, the ties between India and Pakistan further strengthened with the introduction of Srinagar Muzaffarabad Bus Service; later, these ties experienced a setback due to the killings of Hindus in Kashmir, which is under the control of India (Gaur, 2009, p.348). In 2006, the nation made progress in the field of nuclear power, with the US removing the ban of sale of nuclear technology to India (H ardgrave, 2008, p.196). By 2007, the first female president of India came to power, and later in 2008 the ties between India and Pakistan again experienced damage due to the Samjhota Express Bombings (Hardgrave, 2008, p.71). India started experiencing economic liberalization during the 20th and the 21st century, and this led to humungous changes in the nation’s economic area. During the year 2000, the nation experienced a rise in GDP from the figure of 11,571,882 in 1995 to 20,791,898 in the session of 2000 (World Bank, 2011, p.157 & 192). One of the major developments in the economy of India was the expansion of the steel industry into the European regions during the 21st century. During 2006, Mittal Steel purchased Arcelor and became the world’s largest steel producer accounting for the 10% of the world total steel production, and similarly, Tata Steel made an offer of purchasing Corus Group steel manufacturing organization in the year 2007 (DePamphilis, 2010, p.120) . The GDP experienced by India during the year 2007 was around 7 to 8%. Great economic developments occurred during the period of 1998 to 2004 during the rule of the National Democratic Alliance, and during this time period the nation had two different finance ministers, namely, Yashwant Sinha and Jaswant Singh (Gaur, 2009, p.255). One of the major achievements in the sector of economy of the nation was the universal license, which allowed the CDMA license holders to establish as well as provide

Why Have Strategic Alliances Grown in Popularity?

Why Have Strategic Alliances Grown in Popularity? Who gains from strategic alliances? â€Å"Google and Lycos Europe Announce Strategic Alliance† (Google press center, 2003), â€Å"Bayer Healthcare and Intendis announce strategic alliance† (Wayne and Montville, 2007), â€Å"Fiat and Chrysler Announce Strategic Alliance† (Car News Gluckman and Kurcezski, 2009), â€Å"City Bank and American Express announce strategic alliance† (Dhaka, 2009). Alliances have become increasingly popular. Over the past years the number of firms forming strategic alliances has risen constantly. â€Å"According to Securities Data Corporation, the number of alliances has increased about 25% per year for the last decade.† In fact some eight out of ten electronics companies now have alliances or are negotiating new ones (Kolasky 1997). The above listed examples show that the trend of forming alliances not only concerns the electronics companies but all business sectors. This essay will critically evaluate on the basis of various examples why strategic alliances have grown in popularity and who gains. Therefore, it is necessary to understand what strategic alliances are and in which types they can appear. A uniform definition of strategic alliances does not exist. Porter (1990, p. ) defines strategic alliances as â€Å"long-term agreements between firms that go beyond normal market transactions but fall short of merger.† According to Dussauge and Garrette (1999, p. ) alliances can be defined as â€Å"a cooperative agreement or association between two or more independent enterprises, which will manage one specific project, with a determined duration †¦ in order to improve their competences. It is constituted to allow its partners to pool resources and coordinate efforts †¦ to achieve results that neither could obtain by acting alone. The key parameters surrounding alliances are opportunism, necessity and speed.† All in all alliances are partnerships, in which merit is combined in order to achieve a mutual goal and to increase sales volume without bearing all the risks. As there are many ways to define strategic alliances there are also many ways of classifying them. To tie in with Dussauge and Garrette (1999) strategic alliances can be divided into partnerships between non-competing firms and alliances between competitors, which are specified in the following. Partnerships between non-competing firms are relationships between companies from different industries, which therefore are not in direct competition with each other. They implicate international expansion joint venture, vertical partnerships and cross-industry agreements. International expansion joint venture opens a new market to the foreign partner and offers the local partner a product to distribute, e.g. Renault and Diesel Naciona, SA (DINA). Vertical partnership is collaboration at two successive working stages within the same production process, e.g. McDonalds and Coca Cola. Cooperations between completely different industries (cross-industry agreements) aspire the diversification of t he activities of companies through a leverage of their abilities, e.g. Philips and DuPont de Nemours produced surface coatings for data storage. Alliances between competitors are divided into three categories, which are shared-supply alliances, quasi-concentration alliances and complementary alliances. Within shared-supply alliances rivals come together to share elements when the display for a particular production process is much greater than for the whole product. The products remain within each company, e.g. Volkswagen and Renault produced jointly automatic gear boxes. In a quasi-concentration alliance just one common product is developed, produced and marketed by all allies, e.g. the collaboration of British Aerospace, DASA and Alenia in the case of the Tornado fighter plane. In the event of complementary alliances a product produced by one company is marketed with the help of the distribution network of another company, e.g. the distribution of Mitsubishi cars by Chrysler. Strategic alliances have gained popularity across many industries. The typification of alliances mentioned above show that alliances are not industry specific, but mostly cross-sectoral. They include amongst others automobile, pharmaceutical and aerospace industries. The reasons for the growing popularity of strategic alliances are quite evident. According to Segal-Horn and Faulkner (1999) one of the primary drivers of strategic alliances is the growing globalisation and regionalisation of markets. Several forces that resulted from the globalisation make the strategy of alliances very important. â€Å"The steady reduction of trade barriers has led to the dramatic growth of cross-border cooperation between companies† (Segal-Horn and Faulkner, 1999, p. 205). The blurring of industry boundaries forces companies to face new rivals. Alliances can provide the companies with capabilities that they need to front global competitors. â€Å"Alliances can provide firms with many benefits such as access to new knowledge, complementary resources, new markets and new technologiesto learn, exploit economies of scale and scope, share risks and outsource various activities along the value chain.† (Gulati et al. 2000 cited in Segal-Horn 2004, p. ) Gulati ´s statement shows that strategic alliances can offer many opportunities and advantages. In respect to technology development the companies can learn from each other as there is an exchange and sharing of technologies, know-how and expertise. This expertise and technology sharing allows the companies to achieve faster the joint aims. To cite Wagonor (2001) manager of GM, â€Å"leveraging on someone who does it better allows you to get there faster.† Canon and HP shared their technologies in copier business. Canon developed the technology for toner and toner cartridges and HP developed the software and computer chips to operate the cartridges (Acredula, 2001). Concerning the market development collaboration can facilitate international expansion and the companies can benefit from a faster entry to new markets. In the case of the alliance between Coca-Cola and Proctor and Gamble (PG), Coca-Cola benefited from a faster entry into the snack and non-carbonated beverage market (Acredula 2001). An alliance partner can also help a company that enters a foreign market with local knowledge, logistics and domestic behaviour as well as with the governmental requirements. Another advantage that an alliance offers the companies is maintenance of the market position and production at lowest cost locations which leads to a very important advantage, cost reduction. Allies in cooperation can for example share costs for advertising and marketing as well as the costs for research and development (RD). In the case of failure the partners of an alliance share the risk as it is spread between all allies and can therefore minimize their damage and losses. This makes the companies more willing to take a risk as they would be alone. Finally, the shrinking product life cycle which cause growing pressure for innovation and growth has forced companies to look outside their own borders for new ideas (Bannerman, 2005). To sum up, strategic alliances allow firms to share risks and resources, gain knowledge and technology, expand the existing product base, and obtain access to new markets. The named advantages of strategic alliances can help companies to keep pace with increasingly complex technologies and constantly changing global markets (Kolasky, 1997). Forming alliances seems to be a useful tool to adopt to the changing market conditions and to stay competitive in a global business world. According to Johnson and Scholes (2008) enterprises sometimes cannot cope with increasingly complex environments only with interior resources and competences. They may see the need to obtain materials, skills, innovation, finance or access to markets through other cooperation s. A single firm is unlikely to possess all the resources and capabilities to achieve global competitiveness† (Dussauge and Garrette 1999, p.). Collaboration is often necessary for the survival and growth of a company. Alliances are a useful strategy to pool competences, technology know-how, skills and resources together to create a new unit (De Wit and Meyer, 1998). Toshiba believes that â€Å"a sing le company cannot dominate any technology or business by itself†. That is why Toshiba chose the strategy of developing relationships with different partners (e.g. IBM, Siemens, GE, Ericsson, Microsoft, Samsung) for different technologies which helped the company to become one of the leading players in the global electronics industry. Toshiba is successful with that strategy because of a thorough alliance partner selection. Toshiba has chosen Apple Computers as a partner to develop multimedia computer. Toshibas manufacturing expertise combined with Apples software technology was an achievement because the alliance allowed both companies to gain from each others competences (Kotelnikov, 2001). However, not only companies come off as winners from strategic alliances but also suppliers, employees, consumers, the government as well as shareholders of the allied companies. It is obvious that companies gain higher sales and therefore higher profits, e.g. the collective revenue for the partnership of the Star Alliance is at more than $63 billion. Furthermore, suppliers gain new clients. The increasing number of clients leads to more orders that in turn lead to more turnovers and more profit. The exchange of know-how and expertise mentioned before benefit the employees. The special knowledge makes them more employable and can assure a safer workplace. As companies are able to produce their products at lowest cost locations, reduce costs and diversify their product range consumers can profit from a wider range of products to more favourable prices. The increasing consumptions and more exports than imports lead to a higher Gross National Product (GNP) in the country of the producin g company. As a positive side-effect the shareholders benefit from higher dividends because increased sales force leads to higher turnover and higher share prices (Acredula, 2001). The last two paragraphs show that strategic alliances present several potentially beneficial advantages. However, alliances also have been criticised. Their high failure rates – half of the alliances fail show the other side of the coin (Acredula, 2001 b). Some organisations may only have one option – namely going it alone. This can be in the case of â€Å"working in a field which is breaking new ground or where there are no other suitable partners available† (Johnson and Scholes, 1999, p. ). The risk of exposing competences and technical know-how to partners who can become future competitors and disputes as well as issues that result from working with other partners, sharing of profits and advantages, less autonomy and control are also significant points that have to be considered. For example, one partner may go into an alliance for short term learning gain, whereas the other partner may see the alliance as more strategic, long term and replacing one area of i ts value chain. Dutch KLM and Alitalia could not avoid the failure of their full merger as partners compatibility did not exist and Alitalia did not come up with arranged expectations. Like most alliances they have failed due to differing objectives or motives of the partners (Witt and Mayer 1998). The companies have to be aware that alliances require a clear strategy and hard work. Careful planning like a clear definition of core competencies, goals and objectives as well as a limitation of the partners role and relationship and a timeline – a deal structure with an exit plan are essential to eliminate or rather to avoid disadvantages as well as to succeed. â€Å"According to a survey of 455 CEOs, the most important factor in designing a strategic alliance is the selection of the right partner (chosen by 75% of the CEOs)† (Holohan, 1998). But one has also have to go beyond the visible peak of the iceberg and consider the main fundamentals of a successful alliance including communication, transparency and trust (Johnson, 2005). Although, alliances are often criticised for being a slower form of development and despite the high failure rate the constant growth of alliances will definitely continue in the future (Johnson and Scholes, 1999). References De Wit, B. and Meyer R.J.H. (1998), Strategy – Process, Content, Context: An International Perspective (2nd edn), London: International Thomson Publishing Dussauge, P. and Garrette, B. (1999), Cooperative Strategy: Competing successfully through strategic alliances, Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Johnson, G., Scholes, K., Whittington, R. (2008), Exploring Corporate Strategy, Text and Cases (8th edn), London: FT Prentice Hall Porter, M. E. (1998), The competitive advantage of nations: with a new introduction by the author, London: Macmillan Press LTD Segal-Horn, S. (2004), The Strategy Reader (2nd edn)., London: Blackwell Publishing, , p 355-366. Segal-Horn, S. and Faulkner, D. (1999), The Dynamics of International Strategy, London: Thomson Business Press, , p 205-236. Aarons, R. (no date) ‘Ten Reasons to Create a Strategic Alliance, [online] Available from URL: http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/strategic_alliances_main.html (accessed 10 November 2009). Acredula Newsletter (2001) `Strategic Alliances Gain Popularity Over Mergers and Acquisitions`, August 2001, Vol. II No.9, [online] Available from URL: http://www.bricker.com/Publications/articles/523.pdf (accessed 14 November 2009) Bannerman, P. (2005), `Strategic Alliances in Education and Training Services ,A Literature Review`, Joan Spiller CORDS Pty Ltd., Australian Graduate School of Management, The University of NSW and the University of Sydney , May 2005, [online] Available from URL: http://www.aei.gov.au/AEI/MIP/ItemsOfInterest/05Interest26b_pdf.pdf Car news Gluckman, D. and Kurczewski, N. (2009), `Fiat and chrysler announce strategic alliance`, January 2009, [online] Available from URL: http://www.caranddriver.com/news/car/09q1/fiat_and_chrysler_announce_strategic_alliance-car_news, accessed on 12 November 2009. Dhaka (2009), `City Bank and American Express announce strategic alliance`, 7 November 2009, [online] Available from URL: http://home3.americanexpress.com/corp/pc/2009/citybank.asp, accessed on 15 November 2009. Google press center (2003), `Google and Lycos Europe Announce Strategic Alliance`, 5 June 2003, Mountain view, California/Gà ¼tersloh, Germany, [online] Available from URL: http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/lycos_de.html, accessed on 12 November 2009. Holohan, M. Paul (1998), `Business alliances: how to find a good partner`,International Journal of Business Performance Management 1998, Vol. 1, No.1, pp.79 – 89, [online] Available from URL: http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=recordrec_id=4546prevQuery=ps=10m=or Johnson, L. C. (2005) ‘Understanding the Role of Cross-Sector Strategic Alliances in The Age of corporate social responsibility, 12 April 2005, p47-55, [online] Available from URL: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/research/2005/Johnson.pdf, accessed on 10 November 2009 Kolasky, J., William Jr. (1997), `Antitrust enforcement guidelines for strategic alliances`, presented at the Federal Trade Commissions, Hearings on Joint Ventures, Washington, D.C. Kotelnikov, V. (2001) ‘Strategic Alliances: Why and how to build them, [online] Available from URL: http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/strategic_alliances_main.html accessed on 10 November 2009 Wayne and Montville (2007), `Bayer healthcare and intendis announce strategic alliance to co promote yaz drospirenoneethinyl estradiol for treatment of moderate acne`, 7 May 2007, [online] Available from URL: http://www.intendis.com/scripts/pages/en/press_amp_media/news/bayer_healthcare_and_intendis_announce_strategic_alliance_to_copromote_yaz_drospirenoneethinyl_estradiol_for_treatment_of_moderate_acne.php, accessed on 12 November 2009. Acredula (2001), Newsletter,  ´Not All Strategic Alliances Are Successful ´, September 2001, Vol. II No. 10, [online] Available from URL: http://www.bricker.com/publications/articles/528.pdf accessed on 14 November 2009 Cartwright, S., Cooper, C. L. (1996) Managing mergers, acquisitions and strategic alliances: integrating people, 2nd edn, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford Jarillo, J. C. (1995), Strategic networks: creating the borderless organization, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Velasquez, M. G. (2002) Business Ethics – Concepts and Cases, 5th edn, Prentice Hall, London. [emailprotected], University of Pennsylvania (2008) `Thought Leaders II: Collaborating To Compete: The Rise of Coopetition and Strategic Alliances, March 2008, http://executiveeducation.wharton.upenn.edu/ebuzz/0803/thoughtleaders2.cfm, accessed on 10 November 2009. Segmentation: E-business market Segmentation: E-business market 1.0 Introduction This report will cover some outlines of segmentation and how to target the potential market for our new E-business in the market it is important that we understand what kind of requirements there are for effective segmentation. I would try to compare and contrast some of the important points give some examples. Also to keep our position safe in market and to keep running a successful business first we need to consider different segmentation processes and then I would define the business model according to our E-Business. 1.2 Identify the target markets for Complete Training Solutions intended expansion. The school will need to consider the demographic, geographical, psychographic, and consumer characteristics of there identified markets. For that school need to understand the market segments which are as follows. 2.0 What are the market segments are? Market segmentation may be defined as Jobber says that â€Å"the identification of individuals or organistaions with similar characteristics that have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy†. â€Å"Where segmentation is the first and one of the most important steps† (Yan, 2008). Where as according to Lancaster Reynolds market segmentation is defined as â€Å"the process of breaking down the total market for a product or service into distinct sub-groups or segments where each segment may conceivably represent a separate target market to be reached with a distinctive marketing mix. 2.1 Market segmentation A segment is a unique group of customers or potential customer who share some kind of common characteristic that make them different from other groups. Proctor thinks that different segments may have different needs, they may ask for different versions of the same product, pay different prices, buy in different places and they may be reached by different media. Every one has the own opinion and own choices. It is very important for us to keep a healthy relationship with the customers and to do this they need to understand their customers demand. According to Proctor in consumer markets customers and prospective customers can be grouped together or segmented by attitude, lifestyle, age, gender, stage in the family, lifecycle, job types, level of earnings and many others relevant variables. These things should be kept in mind whenever introducing any new brand because if we want to maintain our image in the market then we need to fully understands the logic of customers and their purchasing behaviours. It is very important for us to identify what each segment wants, what it can afford, whether it is loyal to a particular competitor and how it might respond to an offer is vital information. As mentioned by Proctor that market segmentation and accurate targeting keeps a firm close to the market. It reduces waste, finds the best customers and helps to keep them satisfied. Segmentation is very useful tool. But it is necessary for us to understand each and every sub-group in order to get the positive result from customers and to compete with competitors in the market. As mentioned by Croft the methods of separating the market according to similarities that exist among the various subgroups within the market. Characteristics, needs and desires may be the common similarities. Market segmentation comes about as a result of the observation that all potential users of a product are not alike, and that the same general appeal will not interest all prospects. Therefore, it is essential to develop different marketing tactics to effectively cover the entire market for a particular product. There are four basic market segmentation strategies: behaviour segmentation, demographic, geographic, and physiographic segmentation. 2.2 Demographic segmentation Involves dividing the market on the basis of statistical differences in personal characteristics, such as age, gender, race, income, life stage, occupation, and education level (Anon 2002) We could focus on customers age because user needs and wants change with their age although they still want to learn the same types of courses. In order to introduce the new ideas in market and we should look at the design of the courses and what will be the learning outcomes we could meet the user demands of different age group. Income is another popular basis of segmentation. Customers will be more attractive towards the less income. We need to understand this point that in marketing the courses that appeal directly to the customer is relatively low prices. So therefore other variables of demographic are as important as mentioned above and they should not be neglected. 2.3 Psychographic segmentation It is based on the assumption that the types of products and brands an individual purchases will reflect that person personality and patterns of living. Generally to promote the product marketers are using celebrities, such as football team. If we use this technique for her new courses then we could create a big image in front of users. As it mentioned in the definition that every one has different life style, they have there own opinions but it could be influenced by other people personalities. This is benefit for us because for example if David Becham is learning the team building strategies from our institute then the user influencing his fans to join in the same course. 2.4 Geographic segmentation Lancaster Reynolds said that geographic is consists of dividing a country into regions that normally represent an individual sales persons territory. This is mostly suitable for broad companies and these massive regions are then broken down into areas with separate regional manager controlling salespeople in distinct area. This will help only if we expand our company our institute international, so far there is need of geographic segmentation. The geographic segmentation method is useful where there are geographic locations differences in consumption patterns and preferences but in our case we need to think about that because our institute is more about online courses so we have to consider about that. 2.5 Behavioural segmentation As stated by Lancaster and Reynolds behavioural segmentation is based on actual customers behaviour towards products. It has the advantages of using variables that are closely related to the product itself. Such as: brand loyalty, benefits sought, occasions (holidays, events which stimulate point for marketing) etc. As Lancaster Reynolds stated that the customers that can be divided into number of groups according to their loyalty, or their propensity to repurchase brand again is called brand loyality. Actually we have to think about if we will provide the those learning facilities are those are enough for the learner requirement with that they can bring some more students for the reappearing in the same courses or tell others to participate in those courses those are good and according to the your standards this is some sort of the advertisement when any costumer tell other customer for the same product just we need to think about if, if the user doesnt like our learning style then what will be our next plan to satisfied the learner. 3.0 Effective segmentation The needs of customers should be central to all business decision making so therefore Effective segmentation can be achieved by solving the problems of users. The major dimensions are price, service, product and quality for example an image of institute. Therefore it is necessary to identify all the requirements of user so realistic segments could be targeted. Kotler said that, â€Å"A customer orientation toward marketing holds that success will come to organizations that best determine the perceptions, needs, and wants of target markets and satisfy them through the design, communication, pricing, and delivery of appropriate and competitive viable offerings†. According to Xu, Jianfeng â€Å"An accurate and effective segmentation technique is the basis of the ideal dynamic heart modeling†. One author state that effective segmentation is about customer needs, demands and other is telling the importance of effective segmentation. Each segment should be evaluated in terms of its overall size, projected rate of growth, actual and potential competition and customer needs. According to the targets we need to decide which criteria is appropriate for assessing different bases. 3.1 Measurable According to Recklies it has to be possible to determine the values of the variables used for segmentation with justifiable efforts. This is important especially for demographic and geographic variables. For an organisation with direct sales the own customer database could deliver valuable information on buying behaviour (frequency, volume, product groups, mode of payment etc. 3.2 Accessibility Lancaster Reynolds researched that accessibility base used should ideally lead to the company being able to reach selected market targets with their individual marketing efforts. 3.3 Validity Reynolds and Lancaster mentioned the extent to which the base is directly associated with the differences in needs and wants between the different segments. Given that segmentation is essentially concerned with identifying groups with different needs and wants, it is vital that the segmentation base is meaningful and that different preferences or needs show clear variations in market behaviour and response to individually designed marketing mixes. 3.4 Substantial According to Lancaster Reynolds substantial is the base used which lead to segments which are sufficiently enormous to economically and practically worthwhile serving as discrete market targets with a distinctive marketing mix. If we need to make segmentation effective it is important that we know that where and who we targeting. Segmentation is the basis for developing targeted and effective marketing plans. 4.0 Targeting Lancaster Reynolds mentioned that after market has been separated into its segments, the marketer will select a segment or series of segments and target them. Each segment has different tastes and demands unique marketing mix in order to make the product or service more attractive to those customers who occupy that market segment. The process of manipulating the marketing mix in terms of differentiating products, methods of communication and other marketing variables is known as ‘target marketing. After the process of segmentation the next step is for us to decide how it is going to target these particular group(s). There are three options Undifferentiated marketing Differentiated marketing strategy Concentrated Marketing We should use differentiated marketing because we can use several segments and develop distinct courses with separate mix strategies at the varying groups. Mr Jobber stated that â€Å"When market segmentation reveals several potential targets, specific marketing mixes can be developed o appeal to all or some of the segments†. As Siklos and Abel says that â€Å"Thegiving inflation targeting an additional credibilityboost many emerging markets†. Comparing these two definitions of different authors its becoming noticeable that targets play an important roll to achieve goals. It would allow us to identify specific customers groups with different needs and wants and also the unfilled gaps in a market can be apprised and then satisfied through unique product or promotional offering (Lancaster Reynolds 1999). Target marketing can thus be said to be the process of identifying market segments that will be the most likely purchasers of a companys products, and devising inventive marketing approaches to suit these specifically distinguished needs (Lancaster Reynolds 1999). After segmentation process has taken place as Lancaster and Reynolds mentioned that each segment should be identified and must be assessed in order to decide whether or not it is worthwhile serving as a potentially profitable target market with its own distinctive marketing mix. Where there is good sales and profit potential the favourable attributes of a target will include segments. If competition is not too intense and where the segment might have some previously identified requirements we should able to serve them. 5.0 Mix marketing As mentioned by Lancaster and Reynolds that the marketing mix describe the functional aspects of marketing over which the company has control. This includes what E Jerome McCarthy dubbed the ‘four Ps in 1960, namely, Product, Price, Promotion and Place. In addition to these four Ps, is sometimes added a fifth P People, which includes the people who mainly carry out the function of marketing and who interface with customers. These have been described as the key elements of the marketing function. There are two further Ps that specially relate to the service industry because of its tangible nature. These are Process and Physical evidence. These are called the seven Ps of service marketing. However we should understand the notions of four Ps which are still prevails in marketing litre. The elements of marketing mix are all related in terms of how they combine in the marketing planning process. Lancaster Reynolds pointed out that it is the skill of marketing management to ensure that the combination chosen is a successful one. â€Å"Marketing is seen as a strategic management activity aimed at developing customer relationships. Concepts such as the four Ps (product, price, place and promotion), marketing plans, the marketing mix, segmentation, promotion and evaluation are identified and discussed in relation† (Wakeham, Maurice 2004). According to these authors we can see that with marketing mix we could raise the strong relationship with users and with the concept of 4 Ps we can identified and evaluate the segmentation. Lets expand on these 4 Ps and see how we can link them with our new online learning facilities of Team Building, Assertiveness, Coaching Skills and Delegation Skills for the Busy Professional. Mission statement draft: A learning experience that prepare students to contribute in a dynamic, global, and diverse business environment. Our mission is to provide training to all level of the users who ever is connected with their business, Including team building, assertiveness, coaching skill and delegation skill for the busy professionals. Objectives Aim Our school of intelligent learners is for the users who wants to build up there extra qualities for to compete the new era requirements. And our aim is to provide them up to date training which is purely concerned for the business levels. Our school is one of the best schools in Bradford. Currently we are struggling for more students that is why we are moving online and we will provide online courses for the relevant business. That was the our main reason to be online but there is one more reason to be online is that before we were enable to mark the global market now we can mark the global market by choosing online learning facilities now we can provide our service across the glob where ever any one and any type of user can access us and learn what ever they want from our main courses. We will provide online video and audio conferencing which is the solution to save the cost of the booking hotels and halls. Our main concern is to think about the user from different back ground from any part of the world we can arrange there course in any language. Our basic and main aim is to provide them solution for their problems. Value proposition: For the learners satisfaction school has to think about the language, course compatibility, learning facilities for the disable people which we dont have at the moment so we have to concerned about those problems and we have to satisfy the learner needs by that as a distance training provider we will have to save their time and they can chose there own learning style and they can manage their staff as possible as they want they can call more people if they want they can organize big halls for more people and they can provide the requirements for the disable peoples as well by using the our video and audio libraries. Product and services: The school will provide Team Building, Assertiveness, Coaching Skills and Delegation Skills for the Busy Professional. That will be a complete training for the bingers as well as for the expert. Expert can learn new techniques and binger can develop some skill too for the requirements of the new era. School will also provide some extra courses as well whoever will join the school for instance, web development in visual basic oracle it is good for the companies for there advertisement and for account as well. Learning on internet is the best learning style then old time styles you can learn while sitting at home at your own pace. The school will provide you the services of all the documentation and applications with which the students and companies can enable to access the schools resources. Business models: There could have been taken several attempts to categorize all the business models emerging with the coming new economy in order to understand how e-companies are making money or not making money. Some of are the company see there business model highly exposed such as the reverse action model of Priceline or online grocery model of shield. But still, is at all so clear so far? For instance, ebay.com might be typical of an Agora B-web like in Chicago but all the same as ebay.com and the main function is to be a online merchandiser. All of them have the same object but the different perspectives. Is there any better or could be worse way to explain or justify the business models? Are those comparing with each other or allowing comparisons? Do they help customer to categories the different actors in the same category, for instance online grocery shop? Do they explain why some of them benefits from the financial figures? Nowadays new business models do not finish emerging in electronic c ommerce and can become a major stake in the e-business game ((Maitre and Aladjidi (1999), Kalakota (1999)). It is even possible to patent them in some countries (Pavento (1999)! Research issue is important to understand the new business for to helping to design but not covered so well until now. E-business modelling has similar as to enterprise modelling in general. Modelling helps the companies to develop their business visions and strategies, redesign and align business to operations, share knowledge about the business and its vision and ensure the acceptance of business decisions through committing stakeholders to the decisions made (Persson, Stirna , 2001). A business model is nothing else than the architecture of a firm and its network of partners for creating, marketing and delivering value and relationship capital to one or several segments of customers in order to generate profitable and sustainable revenue streams. The E-Business Model framework is therefore divided into four principal components. The products and services a company offers, representing an ample value to a target customer (value proposition), and for which he is eager to pay. The relationship assets the firm creates and maintains with the customer, in order to suit him and to generate sustainable revenues. The communications and the network of partners that is necessary in order to create a good customer relationship. And last, but not least, The financial aspects that can be found throughout the three previous components, such as cost and revenue structures. If we think in depth how the school is related to the business models and how it will work to generate the more revenue. Basically the intelligent learners is associated with several business models. The main models include business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C). B2B consists of companies and school doing a business with each other, whereas B2C involves selling directly to the end consumer (students). When intelligent learners first began, the B2C model was first to emerge. B2B transactions were more complex and came now. Conclusion: some of the benefits associated with online intelligent learners are include the availability of information 24/7. Students and companies can log onto the Internet and learn about products, as well as purchase them, at any hour. Intelligent learners can also save money because of a reduced need for a sales force. Overall, intelligent learners can help you to expand from a local market to both national and international marketplaces. And, in a way, it levels the playing field for big and small players. Unlike traditional marketing media (like print, radio and TV), entry into the realm of Internet marketing can be a lot less expensive and offers a greater sense of accountability for advertisers.